mandrews, Author at Sanford Burnham Prebys

Author: mandrews

Institute News

SPARK interns ignite their passion for research at Sanford Burnham Prebys

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

August 2, 2023

2023 SPARK interns

The SPARK program aims to train tomorrow’s experts in regenerative medicine.

Sanford Burnham Prebys welcomed its second cohort of SPARK interns this summer. SPARK, which stands for Summer Program to Accelerate Regenerative Medicine Knowledge, is an initiative by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) to provide research opportunities for high schoolers from underrepresented groups throughout California. The SPARK interns completed a six-week project under the supervision of a faculty mentor and presented their work to scientists at the Institute.

“It was great connecting with everybody in the lab and learning about their background, why they came here, and what they’re trying to learn,” says SPARK intern Katelyn Gelle. “Getting to compare their experiences with mine was really inspiring, because there’s so much to learn from other people who love science.”

Sanford Burnham Prebys is one of 11 institutions throughout California that hosts SPARK interns, and the program was funded by a grant from CIRM. This year’s interns were the second cohort of five to be supported by that grant.

“Last year’s SPARK program was a great success, and we’re so happy to be able to keep up the momentum with another group of bright, talented interns,” says Program Director Paula Checchi, PhD Checchi is an administrator in the Office of Education, Training and International Services at Sanford Burnham Prebys. Paula developed and oversaw the educational components of the internship program.

SPARK students worked in labs learning the hands-on techniques that scientists use to study degenerative diseases—with the goal of finding new approaches to treat the millions of people affected by these conditions. Completing an individual project with a faculty mentor gave interns the chance to experience the real-life ins and outs of research.

“It was really unexpected how much refining and editing it takes to get a result from experiments” says SPARK intern Medha Nandhimandalam. “You don’t cure cancer in a day.”

The internship also included other educational opportunities, such as a tour of the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine and a Diversity in Science seminar series. The program culminated in a final celebration at the Institute where students had the chance to share the results of their work and what they’ve learned from their time in the lab.

“The lab itself was my favorite part of the experience – not just the academic side but the whole lifestyle and experience of working with the scientists and spending time with them day to day” says SPARK intern Rini Khandelwal.

As a final capstone to the internship experience, the students will travel to Los Angeles August 8–9 for CIRM’s annual SPARK conference, where they presented their work and networked with interns from other Institutions across the state.

Institute News

Preuss internship celebrates 15 years of inspiring young scientists

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

August 2, 2023

2023 Preuss Interns

“I liked how hands-on everything was,” says Preuss intern Amayrani Calderon “The scientists would show us how to do the experiment but then let us do it ourselves. I’d never had that type of experience in a lab before.”

Each year, Sanford Burnham Prebys welcomes a cohort of high school interns from the Preuss School, whose students strive to be the first in their family to graduate from college. This year’s Preuss interns learned hands-on research skills from scientists at the Institute’s NCI-designated Cancer Center and about career possibilities in STEM beyond research.

“My favorite part of the program and about Sanford Burnham Prebys is all the diverse people I met,” says Alejandra Ruiz Ramirez, who is first-generation Mexican American. “I had mentally prepared myself not to see any scientists that look like me, or to potentially be stereotyped as a Mexican American woman, but that isn’t what happened at all. Everybody I met was very welcoming.”

The Preuss internship is an intensive three-week program designed to jumpstart the careers of the next generation of scientific researchers. This year, the first two weeks were spent learning state-of-the art research techniques, such as staining cells for immunohistochemistry and separating proteins with gel electrophoresis.

“Seeing a real lab was a lot different than what I expected,” says Preuss intern Mohamed Haghi-Mohamed. “At school we just do labs on our desks, but seeing the incubators and other machines really changed my perspective and on how science works in the real world.”

For the final week of the program, interns shadowed staff scientists working in various labs throughout the Cancer Center, where they saw the research process firsthand.

“Consuming a lot of media makes you see science as always exciting and fast-paced, but it’s a very different experience actually working in the lab day to day,” says Preuss intern Juan Lomas Hoeung. “Sometimes there’s a lot of downtime but other times things are hectic.

The Preuss internship program also included activities outside of the lab, including panel discussions with scientists, a tour of the Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and a workshop on diversity and equity and STEM. The interns also had lunch with Institute staff each day, where they had the chance to learn and ask questions about varied STEM careers such as research administration, science communication, and philanthropy.

“We wanted the students to see that there are varied paths to a career in STEM, and that these paths aren’t always linear,” says Victoria Carrillo, senior program administrator for the Cancer Center, who oversaw the Preuss internship along with faculty organizer Svasti Haricharan, PhD

The program culminated in a celebratory luncheon with students, researchers and Institute staff, where the interns had the opportunity to share what they’ve learned from their experience at Sanford Burnham Prebys.

“This was the best environment to learn in because the people here are some of the most expressive and passionate people I’ve met when they’re in the lab talking about what they do,” says Hoeung. “Everybody was so enthusiastic.”

Institute News

The Kyoto Connection

AuthorSusan Gammon
Date

July 14, 2023

David Brenner, MD with scientists in Kyoto

Sanford Burnham Prebys president and CEO David Brenner, MD, was recently in Japan for a scientific conference, but his links to the country and its scientists go back decades, beginning in the 1990s with Yoshio Yamaoka, MD, considered among the best liver surgeons in the world.

Yamaoka was also a champion of academic research in hepatology, the area of medicine that focuses on diseases of the liver. Brenner, a gastroenterologist-by-training, was also a liver disease researcher at UC San Diego.

Over the years, physicians from Kyoto University came to UC San Diego to work as fellows in Brenner’s lab for two to four years at a time. “Their scholarship and productivity have been spectacular,” said Brenner, pictured above with his wife, Tatiana Kisseleva, MD, PhD, Professor of Surgery at UC San Diego School of Medicine.

The Kyoto fellows have made their mark, Brenner notes proudly, with substantial contributions to the understanding of basic signal transduction in the liver (how cells respond to external substances through signaling molecules on their surface and inside), the cellular origin of myofibroblasts in the fibrotic liver and the role of metabolic syndrome in liver fibrosis, which is characterized by excessive scarring and found in most types of chronic liver disease.

Like Yamaoka, the fellows have risen through the ranks to become professors themselves, most notably Keiko Iwaisako, MD, PhD (Brenner’s right) and Etsuro Hatano, MD, PhD, (Brenner’s left) chair of surgery at Kyoto University. Hatano continues the tradition, sending new, bright surgeons to Brenner’s lab for scientific training.

“It was with great joy that I gave that seminar at Kyoto University,” said Brenner, recalling his recent visit. “It was my first since before the pandemic, and it was attended by all of the Kyoto alumni from our lab—and my now-retired dear friend Professor Yamaoka.”

Institute News

Conrad Prebys Foundation provides $3 million for pediatric brain cancer research

AuthorSusan Gammon
Date

April 7, 2021

Conrad Prebys Foundation Award

Conrad Prebys was an extraordinary man and a passionate philanthropist. Today, his generosity extends beyond his life through the Conrad Prebys Foundation.

This year, the Foundation provided $3 million to Robert Wechsler-Reya, PhD, and his team of researchers to advance a potential drug to treat medulloblastoma—the most common malignant brain tumor in children.

Children with medulloblastoma often receive aggressive treatment (surgery, radiation and chemotherapy), but many still die of their disease, and survivors suffer long-term effects from therapy. Safer and more effective therapies are desperately needed.

Wechsler-Reya recently combined forces with Michael Jackson, PhD, senior vice president of Drug Discovery and Development, to find a drug(s) that would inhibit the growth of Group 3 medulloblastoma, the most aggressive form of the disease. Using high-throughput screening technology, they identified a compound that reduces levels of a protein called MYC, which is found at exceptionally high levels in Group 3 medulloblastoma, as well as in cancers of the blood, breast, lung and prostate.

“An effective MYC inhibitor could have a major impact on the survival and quality of life of patients with medulloblastoma,” says Wechsler-Reya. “We identified a compound that reduces levels of MYC in medulloblastoma cells, but now we need to learn how it works to optimize it as an anti-cancer drug and advance studies toward the clinic.

“Historically, pharmaceutical companies and funding agencies have under-invested in childhood cancers, and the majority of drugs currently used to treat these cancers were originally developed for adult cancer,” adds Wechsler-Reya. “We believe that effective drugs for pediatric brain tumors must be developed—and this award from the Foundation will help us achieve this goal.”

“We are profoundly grateful to Conrad for his generosity over the years,” says President Kristiina Vuori, MD, PhD “He has a special legacy at our Institute, which was renamed Sanford Burnham Prebys in 2015 to honor him. We are now thankful to his Foundation for including us in their inaugural grant cycle, and for supporting the critical work we do to benefit children and others suffering from cancer.”

The Conrad Prebys Foundation allocated $78 million in its inaugural grant cycle to fund 121 projects. The awards reflect areas of personal interest to Conrad Prebys—including visual and performing arts, higher education, health care, youth development and animal conservation.

Sanford Burnham Prebys joins a long list of recipients, which included other prominent San Diego institutions such as Rady Children’s Hospital, KPBS, San Diego State University, Scripps Research, Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego and the La Jolla Music Society.

Institute News

Alumni adventures: Catching up with student intern Daniel Million

AuthorMonica May
Date

March 23, 2021

Daniel Million in lab wearing lab coat and smiling

Million reflects on how a summer internship at Sanford Burnham Prebys accelerated his scientific career.

Daniel Million was always fascinated by biology. But, like most high school students, he wasn’t sure what life as a scientist was really like. That all changed when he had the opportunity to complete a summer internship at Sanford Burnham Prebys.

“We thought it would be a strict environment where we were all very serious, with nobody talking,” says Million. “But my mentors both made the work in the research lab exciting. They taught me early on that you can have fun while doing great science.”

For six weeks during the summer of 2013, he and nine other classmates from the Preuss School at UC San Diego—a charter school for students who would be the first in their families to graduate from college—gained valuable laboratory skills while working directly with cancer researchers.

“Now that I’ve had the opportunity to do biological research in college and grad school, I look back and am amazed at what we were able to accomplish while in high school,” says Million. “We were doing PCRs, gel electrophoresis—techniques you usually don’t get to experience until college. They gave us a great preview of what it’s like to work in science.”

Million believes that this experience gave him a leg up that led to his acceptance to the University of Southern California, and to his receipt of a prestigious GATES Millennium scholarship, which covered all of his college costs through graduation. The benefits also extended to when he arrived on campus to start his degree.

“When you go into a research lab, that can be an intimidating place,” says Million. “If I didn’t get the chance to build my confidence in the research setting, I don’t feel that I would have performed as well when I got to college.”

Today, Million is wrapping up his master’s degree in infectious disease at Keck Graduate Institute. Whatever his future holds—perhaps medical school, or a master’s degree in public health—he remains a supporter of the internship program.

“This experience not only changed my life but changed a lot of students’ lives at Preuss,” says Million. “For a student who is going to be a first-generation college student, and who is already going to have a lot of barriers entering higher education, this is the extra push and extra knowledge they need to be successful.”

This internship was funded by the National Cancer Institute’s Continuing Umbrella of Research Experiences (CURE) program, which supports training and career-development opportunities from middle school through junior investigator levels with the goal of increasing diversity in the cancer research workforce.

Institute News

Fighting rare diseases: Finding treatments and bringing hope to families

AuthorMonica May
Date

March 23, 2021

Hudson Freeze, PhD and José Luis Millán, PhD

The majority of rare diseases affect children, most of whom have an underlying genetic cause for their condition that is incurable.

The majority of rare diseases affect children, most of whom have an underlying genetic cause for their condition that is incurable.

Often, their own doctors have never heard of their disease, let alone know how to treat it.

But there is someplace they can turn to for help. The Human Genetics Program at Sanford Burnham Prebys provides insights into the genes and environmental factors that play a role in the development of childhood diseases. Their work often leads to better ways to diagnose, treat, and sometimes, even cure children.

On March 18, 2021, two patients whose lives were saved by discoveries made by Hudson Freeze, PhD, and José Luis Millán, PhD, joined the scientists for a conversation about what this work means to them and how their lives have been impacted. Watch the full discussion below.

Institute News

Scientists design potential drug for triple-negative breast cancer

AuthorMonica May
Date

February 16, 2021

Noise and artifacts image: MAMMOGRAM Medical image showing CA right breast 3 cm fluid collection at MUQ ,near nipple right breast is noted and this may be seroma

Drug candidate blocks autophagy, a cellular recycling process that cancer cells hijack as a way to resist treatment

Scientists at Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute have designed a next-generation drug, called SBP-7455, which holds promise as a treatment for triple-negative breast cancer—an aggressive cancer with limited treatment options. The drug blocks a cellular recycling process called autophagy, which cancer cells hijack as a way to resist treatment. The proof-of-concept study was published in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.

“Scientists are now learning that autophagy is one of the main ways that cancer cells are able to survive, even in the presence of growth-blocking treatments,” says Huiyu Ren, a graduate student in the laboratory of Nicholas Cosford, PhD, at Sanford Burnham Prebys, and first author of the study. “If all goes well, we hope this compound will stop cancer cells from turning on autophagy and allow people with triple-negative breast cancer to benefit from their treatment for as long as possible.”

Cells normally use autophagy as a way to recycle waste products. However, when cancer cells’ survival is threatened by a growth-blocking treatment, this process is often “revved up” so the cancer cell can continue to receive nutrients and keep growing. Certain cancers are more likely to rely on the autophagy process for survival, including breast, pancreatic, prostate and lung cancers.

“While this study focused on triple-negative breast cancer, an area of great unmet need, we are actively testing this drug’s potential against more cancer types,” says Cosford, professor and deputy director in the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated Cancer Center at Sanford Burnham Prebys and senior author of the study. “An autophagy-inhibiting drug that stops treatment resistance from taking hold would be a great addition to an oncologist’s toolbox.”

About 15% to 20% of all breast cancers are triple negative, which means they do not respond to hormonal therapy or targeted treatments. The cancer is currently treated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, and is deadlier than other breast cancer types. If the tumor returns, other treatments such as PARP inhibitors or immunotherapy are considered. People under the age of 50 are more likely to have triple-negative breast cancer, as well as women who are Black, Hispanic, and/or have an inherited BRCA mutation.

An optimized drug

In this study, the scientists optimized a first-generation drug they created in 2015. The result is a compound called SBP-7455 that blocks two autophagy proteins, ULK1 and ULK2. SBP-7455 exhibits promising bioavailability in mice and reduces autophagy levels in triple-negative breast cancer cells, resulting in cell death. Importantly, combining the drug with PARP inhibitors, which are currently used to treat people with recurrent triple-negative breast cancer, makes the drug even more effective.

“We are hopeful that we have found a new potential therapy for people living with triple-negative breast cancer,” says Reuben Shaw, PhD, a study author and professor in the Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory and director of the NCI-designated Cancer Center at the Salk Institute. “We envision this drug being used in combination with targeted therapies, such as PARP inhibitors, to prevent cancer cells from becoming treatment resistant.”

Next, the scientists plan to test the drug in mouse models of triple-negative breast cancer to confirm that the compound can stop tumor growth in an animal model. In parallel, they will continue optimization efforts to ensure the drug has the greatest chance of clinical success.

“Triple-negative breast cancer is one of the hardest cancers to treat today,” says Ren. “I hope that our research marks the start of a path to successful treatment that helps more people survive this aggressive cancer.”

Additional study authors

Additional study authors include Nicole A. Bakas, Mitchell Vamos, Allison S. Limpert, Carina D. Wimer, Lester J. Lambert, Lutz Tautz, Maria Celeridad and Douglas J. Sheffler of Sanford Burnham Prebys; Apirat Chaikuad and Stefan Knapp of the Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Goethe-University Frankfurt; and Sonja N. Brun of the Salk Institute.

Research funding 

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (P30CA030199, T32CA211036), Epstein Family Foundation, Larry L. Hillblom Foundation (2019-A-005-NET), Pancreatic Cancer Action Network (19-65-COSF), SGC—a registered charity that receives funds from AbbVie, Bayer Pharma AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Eshelman Institute for Innovation, Genome Canada through Ontario Genomics Institute [OGI-196], EU/EFPIA/OICR/McGill/KTH/Diamond, Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (875510), Janssen, Merck KGaA, Merck & Co, Pfizer, São Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP, Takeda, and Wellcome.

The study’s DOI is 0.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00873.

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Meet immunologist Jennifer Hope

AuthorMonica May
Date

February 12, 2021

Jennifer Hope photo in lab

Hope’s research aims to help cancer immunotherapy work for more people

It’s not an overstatement to say that immunotherapy—an approach that uses our own immune system to kill a tumor—has revolutionized the treatment of cancer. Doctors continue to report incredible results, including tough-to-treat tumors seemingly melting away. However, the treatment doesn’t work for everyone, and even if it does work initially, it often stops working as time goes on.  

Jennifer Hope, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in the Bradley lab at Sanford Burnham Prebys, is working to find ways to make cancer immunotherapy work for more people. We caught up with her as she prepared to take the virtual stage at the Diversity and Science Lecture Series at UC San Diego (DASL) to learn more about what she wishes people knew about science and whom she admires.

Did you always know you wanted to be a scientist?
I always had an interest in science, but at first I wanted to go a totally different route. I was an athlete in high school and college—I played tennis—and really wanted to go into sports medicine. Then I had my first real experience being in a lab in college, and I was hooked. I liked how hands-on it was and how I could keep asking questions. As my family knows, I’ve always been one to ask a lot of questions and always ask why. I found that being in the lab that was my opportunity to keep coming up with new questions, and finding answers that will impact people’s lives.

What do you research, and what is your greatest hope for your work?
I’m trying to understand why the immune system—specifically, T cells—seems to turn a “blind eye” to tumors, which it doesn’t do to other foreign invaders like viruses. My ultimate hope is that we use this information to create better cancer immunotherapies, particularly for skin cancer, which is still really deadly.

What do you wish people knew about science?
That it can be a lot of fun! Most people have this perception of science as being very boring. You see X and you do Y. That part can be true. But there’s a lot of opportunity for creativity and to come up with different ways to ask the same question. Some of the best scientists are incredibly creative people.

How would your coworkers describe you?
Motivated and always willing to try new things.

When you aren’t working, where can you be found?
Reading a book. My family started a book club to stay connected during the pandemic. We just read The Food Explorer by Daniel Evan Stone, which was fascinating. It’s about a botanist who is responsible for transforming what food looked like in the U.S. at the turn of the century. I don’t want to give too much away, but it’s because of him that we have cherry blossoms in Washington D.C., and regulations on importing seeds.

Whom do you admire, and why?
My parents. It sounds cliché, but it’s true. They have always been the biggest supporters of my dreams, whether career or personal.

One example that pops into my head is when I was getting my PhD, and my PI moved from Philadelphia to the Netherlands. I had the opportunity to move, too, if I wished. This was obviously a huge step, and I called my parents to talk it through. Immediately, the conversation was about how this would benefit me—the risks and the advantages—and they said they would support me if I wanted to go or not. That meant, and means, the world to me. Ultimately, I did go, and it was an incredible opportunity that I don’t regret at all.

What do you wish people knew about Sanford Burnham Prebys?
That everyone is willing to help each other. You don’t see that everywhere. It is proof that you can do science at an exceptional level without competing with each other.

Institute News

Mining “junk DNA” reveals a new way to kill cancer cells

AuthorMonica May
Date

February 11, 2021

DNA strand and Cancer Cell Oncology Research Concept 3D rendering, abstract background

Scientists unearth a previously unknown vulnerability for cancer and a promising drug candidate that leverages the approach

Scientists at Sanford Burnham Prebys have uncovered a drug candidate, called F5446, that exposes ancient viruses buried in “junk DNA” to selectively kill cancer cells. Published in the journal Cell, the proof-of-concept study reveals a previously unknown Achilles’ heel for cancer that could lead to treatments for deadly breast, brain, colon and lung cancers.

“We found within ‘junk DNA’ a mechanism to stimulate an immune response to cancer cells, while also causing tumor-specific DNA damage and cell death,” says Charles Spruck, PhD, assistant professor in the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated Cancer Center and senior author of the study. “This is a very new field of research, with only a handful of papers published, but this has the potential to be a game-changer in terms of how we treat cancer.”

Since the human genome was fully sequenced in 2003, scientists have learned that our DNA is filled with some very strange stuff—including mysterious, noncoding regions dubbed “junk DNA.” These regions are silenced for a reason—they contain the genomes of ancient viruses and other destabilizing elements. An emerging area of cancer research called “viral mimicry” aims to activate these noncoding regions and expose the ancient viruses to make it appear that a cancer cell is infected. The hypothesis is that the immune system will then be triggered to destroy the tumor.

A one-two punch to cancer

In the study, Spruck and his team set out to find the molecular machinery that silences “junk DNA” in cancer cells. Using sophisticated molecular biology techniques, they found that a protein called FBXO44 is key to this process. Blocking this protein caused the noncoding sections of DNA to unwind—but not for long.

“When we revealed noncoding regions, which aren’t meant to be expressed, this caused DNA breakage. This told the cell that something is deeply wrong, and it committed suicide,” explains Spruck. “At the same time, the DNA of the ancient virus was exposed, so the immune system was recruited to the area and caused more cell death. So, we really delivered a one-two punch to cancer.”

The scientists then showed that a drug that targets the FBXO44 pathway, called F5446, shrank tumors in mice with breast cancer. The drug also improved the survival of mice with breast cancer that were resistant to anti-PD-1 treatment, an immunotherapy that is highly effective but often stops working over time. Additional studies in cells grown in a lab dish showed that the drug stops the growth of other tumors, including brain, colon and lung cancers.

The scientists also conducted many experiments to show that this silencing mechanism only occurs in cancer cells, not regular cells. Analysis of patient tumor databases confirmed that FBXO44 is overproduced in many cancers and correlated with worse outcomes—further indicating that a drug that inhibits this protein would be beneficial.

Moving the research toward people

As a next step, the scientists are working with the Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics to design an FBXO44 pathway-inhibiting drug that is more potent and selective than F5446. This state-of-the-art drug discovery facility is located at Sanford Burnham Prebys.

“Now that we have a compound that works, medicinal chemists can make modifications to the drug so we have a greater chance of success when we test it in people,” says Jia Zack Shen, PhD, staff scientist at Sanford Burnham Prebys and co-first author of the study. “Our greatest hope is that this approach will be a safe and effective pan-cancer drug, which maybe one day could even replace toxic chemotherapy.”

Institute News

Hospitals were full. One scientist stepped up.

AuthorMonica May
Date

February 10, 2021

Evan Snyder, MD PhD headshot

Sanford Burnham Prebys physician-scientist Evan Snyder spent two weeks in a gymnasium-turned-ICU, where he cared for people with severe COVID-19

The novel coronavirus has hit California hard, but one area that has been particularly impacted is Imperial County. Last spring, the rural farming region’s two hospitals became overwhelmed with COVID-19 cases—prompting a college basketball stadium to be converted into a makeshift intensive care unit (ICU). Soon, qualified personal were also needed.

Stem cell scientist Evan Snyder, MD, Ph.D., may not be the first person you would think to call on during such an emergency. But as a physician-scientist who works with critically ill newborns, he knows his way around an ICU. He knows how to run ventilators. And perhaps most importantly, he had an urgent desire to help.

“I had already decided I would study this disease from a scientific perspective,” says Snyder, who is working with UC San Diego’s Sandra Leibel, MD, to use “mini lungs” to understand why some people with COVID-19 fare worse than others. “But as I started to see the public health menace it became, I felt like I needed to do more.”

Snyder started to sign up for every volunteer opportunity he could find. However, it wasn’t until the December post-holiday surge in cases when he was deployed to serve in the field. Through the California Medical Assistance Team (CAL-MAT), a group of highly trained medical professionals who provide assistance during disasters, Snyder was deployed to the gym-turned-ICU in Imperial County.

“Although our research examines the impact of the virus on lung cells created from people of many racial and ethnic backgrounds, the degree of disease disparity didn’t hit me at a gut level until this work,” says Snyder. “There’s no question that COVID-19 is unfairly hitting people who are socio-economically challenged and have co-morbidities such as diabetes and hypertension, which are the often the products of a disadvantaged environment.”
 

“I was like a vampire”

For two weeks Snyder worked through the night, taking down medical histories; giving people oxygen, providing medications such as dexamethasone, remdesivir, anticoagulants and antibiotics; carefully turning people onto their stomachs to ease breathing difficulties or helping individuals walk. He also saw clear patterns emerge.

All of the people he treated had conditions that are linked to poverty. More than 20% of people living in Imperial County live below the poverty line—double the national average. As a result, residents may be more likely to obtain food from food banks and may not have access to regular healthcare—which together can lead to conditions such as diabetes, hypertension or obesity. Many of the people whom Snyder cared for shared that they lived in small quarters with multiple generations, which made quarantining difficult, if not impossible.

“Some people who live in La Jolla and test positive have the luxury of living in a big house. They can afford not to go to work and stay in a separate bedroom while the rest of the family quarantines,” says Snyder. “The people I took care of can’t do that. We need to create places where people who test positive for COVID-19 can quarantine safely away from their families.”

Carrying insights back to the lab

Snyder’s experience has directly informed several new research avenues he plans to pursue.

“We already model real-world COVID-19 infections with ‘mini lungs’ created from different genders and races,” explains Snyder. “But this taught me that we need to better mimic the conditions present in a person who has diabetes or other conditions that create an adverse milieu for their organs and cells.”

This work also imprinted upon him that COVID-19 is more than a lung condition. The risk of blood clots causing strokes, heart attacks or blocking blood flow to the lungs was an ever-present concern.

“It wasn’t just about giving people more oxygen,” says Snyder. “This showed me that we need to focus even more on the vascular and inflammatory components of this disease.”
 

Lives were saved

Snyder is relieved to report that no lives were lost during those two weeks. He credits the care given—even if relatively primitive—to this success.

“If we weren’t doing what we were doing, about 30% of the people there would have died. And another 30% would have been left with lifelong impairments,” says Snyder. “However, in order to truly tame this virus, we need to find effective drugs, continue to vaccinate as many people as possible and exercise logical public health precautions.”