The face of a 6-day-old zebrafish larva, one of science’s preferred animal models. What look like eyes will develop into nostrils and the bulges on either side will become eyes.
Image courtesy of Oscar Ruiz and George Eisenhoffer, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
With a deep curiosity about the brain and a passion for solving complex problems, Huijie Huang is a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Dr. Timothy Huang at Sanford Burnham Prebys, where she is investigating the molecular underpinnings of Alzheimer’s disease. Her journey began in college with hands-on behavioral pharmacology research and evolved into a focused exploration of depression and neural circuits during her PhD. Now, she is using cutting-edge molecular tools to develop gene-based strategies for treating neurodegenerative disease.
When and how did you become interested in science?
In college, I had the opportunity to join a pharmacology lab. This gave me the chance to test how certain drugs effected the animal behaviors. I found it very interesting that these animal behaviors can mimic some types of human behaviors. I was really excited by this.
How has your scientific career evolved?
I was so fascinated with the principles of neural regulation of animal behavior, so I chose to focus my PhD on neuroscience. During my PhD, I did a lot of projects related to depression, where I established mouse models to mimic anhedonia and social defeat. These models enabled me to investigate dysfunctions in brain circuits associated with depressive behaviors.
After graduating, I felt the need to pursue deeper research into the molecular biological mechanisms underlying behavioral changes. I’m fortunate to be a postdoctoral researcher in Dr. Timothy Huang’s lab, where my project focuses on investigating the molecular mechanisms of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. The lab’s diverse expertise includes molecular biology, genetics and neurobiology, and has allowed me to approach the project from multiple angles and think more broadly and translationally about the impact of our research.
What brought you to the Huang lab at Sanford Burnham Prebys?
I was fascinated by the research projects in Dr. Timothy Huang’s lab. After the interview, I realized I would have the opportunity to lead an independent project aimed at developing a new platform to study human risk genes using a chimeric mouse model. This approach would allow me to fully utilize a variety of cutting-edge technologies, and I believed it would be an exceptional opportunity for scientific and professional growth.
What are the key areas of research you focus on?
My research focuses on developing novel neuroprotective strategies for Alzheimer’s disease. Current clinical treatments primarily aim to relieve mood-related symptoms, using cholinesterase inhibitors or antidepressants, but these approaches offer only symptomatic relief. The new immunotherapies, such as those targeting amyloid beta plaques, are designed to slow disease progression. However, their clinical efficacy remains limited, patient responses are highly variable, and the treatments are costly.
Given these challenges, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. Our work investigates genes and proteins that influence the risk of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, which may lead to broadly applicable, gene-based interventions.
What motivates you about your research?
It’s a combination of curiosity and a desire to make a meaningful impact. Curiosity drives me to ask deeper questions and design more insightful experiments. I also find motivation in the research process itself—troubleshooting challenges encourages critical thinking and fosters collaboration with others.
What do you like about working here?
I love it here! The people are all very kind, and you can get help from colleagues, neighboring labs and core facilities. I’d like to especially applaud our core facilities experts for being so professional and efficient. I never have to wait a long time to get our projects and experiments done.
Another important factor is that Tim is very supportive of his team. We have a quite independent but also collaborative environment among colleagues and mentor. When we need help, he will try his best to collaboratively solve the problem or connect us with people in his network with the right expertise.
How would you describe the culture here?
Collaboration is ingrained in the culture and quite easy. If you want to discuss something, you just stop by other labs and people are open to working together. Also, we are surrounded here by different labs with experts in many fields. This contributes to a culture of constant learning and collaboration.
There also are many resources here for postdocs. There are opportunities to apply for funding, workshops for career development and the highly engaged Sanford Burnham Prebys Science Network that plans networking and social events and addresses concerns raised by postdocs.
What are your hopes for the next stage in your career?
I truly love science, and would like to continue research on neurodegenerative diseases, and I am preparing myself to be independent as a principal investigator or team leader.
What do you enjoy doing when you’re not in the lab?
I like hiking, cycling and playing table tennis.
Postdocs at Sanford Burnham Prebys are pushing the boundaries of science every day through curiosity, collaboration, and innovation. This series highlights their unique journeys, what inspires their work, and the impact they’re making across our labs.
Micrograph of mouse keratinocytes, a major cell type of the epidermis or outermost layer of skin.
Image courtesy of Nancy Kedersha, ImmunoGen, Inc.
It’s not hard to estimate life expectancy. Online calculators abound, from very simple to more complex, from the ominous (Death Clock) to the optimistic (Living to 100).
The information they require for predictions range from minimal, such as gender and age (Social Security), to fairly detailed. The Living to 100 calculator, for example, asks dozens of questions about diet, sleep habits, stress factors and incorporates data from the on-going The New England Centenarian Study at Boston University.
It’s hard to estimate life expectancy.
While these calculators are fun (barring unhappy results) and sometimes informative, they are guesstimates. However, scientists are developing tools that more precisely predict life expectancy based upon empirical indicators, such as mutation rates, blood biomarkers, telomere length and DNA methylation patterns that measure how your body is aging at a cellular level.
I am a principal investigator in the CIAO Study, an international effort to divine the longevity secrets of centenarians living in the Cilento-Salerno region of Italy. Some of the factors that help them live long and well are plainly apparent: They have active, social lives. They eat right, i.e., the Mediterranean diet. They are mentally resilient.
But these centenarians also have lower blood levels of metabolites (substances produced or used during metabolism) linked to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. They enjoy robust microcirculation of blood, comparable to persons 30 years younger, with lower levels of fasting glucose levels and LDL (bad) cholesterol.
Their telomeres are longer. Telomeres are the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, like the plastic tips of shoelaces. Telomeres naturally shorten with age, and shorter telomeres are associated with an increased risk of cancer, heart disease and other age-related ailments. But telomere shrinkage is not fixed. It can be affected, good and bad, by lifestyle and other factors.
Our goal should be to accurately compare biological age versus chronological age. The latter can be deceiving: Some 60-year-olds are frail and have heart disease while others are pictures of health. A biological age lower than a chronological age suggests healthier aging and a longer life despite what the calendar says.
More and more, there are tests that effectively measure biological age, though none you can do online at the moment.
For example, a new blood test powered by machine learning analyzes hundreds of proteins to estimate a person’s risk of developing 18 major age-related diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer’s, and of dying prematurely from any cause. Other blood-based tests estimate the biological age of individual organs, a potential predictor of future, organ-specific health problems.
Key among these organs is the brain. Imaging technologies are helping researchers measure the rate of age-related cognitive decline and risk of dementia — sometimes with a single MRI scan.
Another approach, notes Xiao Tian, who studies aging processes and mechanisms at Sanford Burnham Prebys, is the frailty index, which combines key elements of a person’s medical history, functional status (like ability to dress or prepare meals) and performance tests, such as gait speed and handgrip strength.
“A higher frailty index suggests that the biological systems in the body are under greater decline or faster aging, regardless of chronological age,” said Tian. “Frailty assessments are now being adapted to middle-aged populations to catch early signs of accelerated aging.”
The body provides plenty of peeks into its biological future, from how it modifies DNA to perform necessary functions and how each of us uniquely converts food and drink into energy to whether we can lift modest weights or walk without immediate fatigue.
This data, combined with important lifestyle factors like marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity, can help predict life expectancy more accurately. But the value of these tests isn’t in predicting how old you might become, but rather in helping determine how many of those years are likely to be spent in good health if you do the right things.
And that, after all, is the answer we’re all really seeking.
Meet one of our early-career scientists at Sanford Burnham Prebys: Meena Sudhakaran, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Kelly Kersten, PhD. Sudhakaran studies cancer immunology to improve immunotherapy for breast cancer.
When and how did you become interested in science?
I was always curious as a child. When one of my family members was diagnosed with cancer, I grew up watching how it affects people. That made me really interested in how diseases work. I wanted to know the causes and the biological reasons beneath it.
What did you imagine you would be doing professionally, and how did it evolve?
When I was done with my master’s degree, I was sure I wanted to work in industry. I was determined to join a biopharma company where I could make medicines.
I worked as a scientist and as a senior scientist for three and a half years on a team at Biocon in India developing drugs for head and neck cancer. During my time in the company, I realized that I wanted to do a PhD to dive deeper into understanding the biology of cancer and how every cancer type is different.
During my PhD, I was introduced to immune cells and how immune cells affect tumor progression. I wanted to be in a cancer immunology lab for my postdoctoral training, so the Kersten Lab here was a perfect fit.
What are the key areas of research you focus on?
Breast cancer patients do not really respond to most immunotherapy drugs. We don’t yet know why they are ineffective.
Our immune system protects our bodies from pathogens, foreign particles or any abnormal cells like cancer. T cells, a type of immune cells in the tumor environment, can get activated and attack the tumor cells. But what often happens is that they become dysfunctional due to continuous exposure to the immunosuppressive environment and lose their ability to kill. Additionally, there are other immune cells such as macrophages that create a tumor-promoting environment.
Kelly previously showed that macrophages and T cells interact, creating a communication loop where the macrophages drive the T cells to exhaustion. The focus of my research is to understand how this interaction creates an anti-tumor immune response in breast cancer. This will help us get closer to the ultimate goal of making immunotherapy more effective in breast cancer patients.
What do you like about working here?
Kelly is a great mentor. She is very supportive. She is easy to approach, and our discussions are always encouraging yet stimulating. I believe it is really important for a successful lab that trainees feel comfortable discussing ideas and challenges openly.
Outside of my lab, there are lots of shared resources and training opportunities available. Everything is nearby and easy to access. People here are also very open to collaboration, which creates a strong and supportive research environment.
What motivates you about your research?
I love doing research! I like being in the lab, planning experiments and looking at the results.
It’s like solving a puzzle, so that keeps me excited.
What are your hopes for the next stage in your career?
I plan to return to industry and continue focusing on the translational side of biomedical research. My goal is to combine my experience in both industry and academia to help develop new medicines and improve treatments.
Although I am still early in my postdoctoral training, I can already see how much I’m learning. When I go back to industry, I’ll have stronger problem-solving skills, more knowledge, and more confidence in making decisions. I have definitely made progress, and I know that growth will continue and support me throughout my career.
Postdocs at Sanford Burnham Prebys are pushing the boundaries of science every day through curiosity, collaboration, and innovation. This series highlights their unique journeys, what inspires their work, and the impact they’re making across our labs.
Darkfield micrograph of human scalp section.
Image courtesy of Anita L. Tellier, Rochester Institute of Technology.
The newly promoted scientist will continue studying how blood cancers sabotage stem cells’ special features to grow and spread
As of July 1, 2025, Ani Deshpande, PhD, was promoted to professor in the Cancer Genome and Epigenetics Program at Sanford Burnham Prebys.
The Deshpande lab studies developmental processes in stem cells that get hijacked by cancer, focusing specifically on acute myeloid leukemia (AML), one of the most common types of blood cancer. Several attributes of normal stem cells, including the ability to self-renew, are known to be co-opted or reactivated by cancer cells.
In addition, Deshpande collaborates within and beyond the institute on several large categories of AML research, including studying the genetics of AML, studying how the disease works in animal models and working to develop drugs that can target specific mutations associated with the disease, which are numerous.
“AML has many different subtypes, so it’s been difficult for researchers to make major advances to treat all cases of AML,” said Deshpande. “Most patients with AML are given the same treatments that have been used since the 1970s, which is why we want to look at AML from as many angles as possible.”
Deshpande joined the institute in 2015 and was promoted to associate professor in 2022. Prior to arriving at Sanford Burnham Prebys, he held positions at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School. Recently, Deshpande and colleague Pamela Itkin-Ansari, PhD, launched The Discovery Dialogues Podcast, which explores groundbreaking discoveries in science and medicine.
“I’m deeply grateful for the incredible support of my trainees, mentors and colleagues,” said Deshpande. “And for all who made this scientific journey so meaningful and worthwhile.”
Meet one of our early-career scientists at Sanford Burnham Prebys: Ranajit Das, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Nicholas Cosford, PhD. Das is a medicinal chemist focused on designing and synthesizing new potential therapies, with a focus on cancer treatment.
When and how did you become interested in science?
During my early childhood education, I developed a deep curiosity about the world around me. Over time, I became more interested in chemistry. I found it fascinating that two colorless things can mix and make something colorful, or that two liquids can merge and produce a solid.
Then, when I was introduced to organic chemistry in my undergraduate years, it was eye-opening. I realized that organic chemistry is connected to nearly everything we use or do in our everyday lives. Everything from the blue dye in denim jeans to fading vegetable colors, fragrances, and even the medicines we take, are made of organic molecules. That realization drew me even deeper into the subject.
As I continued studying organic chemistry, I got into synthetic organic chemistry and building molecules. If you have the right knowledge, you can use simple building blocks that are usually made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, and assemble them into compounds that can be functional, beautiful and even lifesaving.
How has your scientific career evolved?
While earning my master’s degree, I was learning about drug discovery and how organic molecules can be useful for treating human diseases. Then, during my PhD, I trained in how to use those chemical components to build a probe to study a disease and ascertain how to potentially cure that disease.
Ever since, I have wanted to build something which will improve human health. That is the reason I decided to pursue a scientific career.
What brought you to the Cosford lab at Sanford Burnham Prebys?
I chose to pursue my postdoctoral training at Sanford Burnham Prebys because of its strong emphasis on drug discovery. The Cosford lab has been working for almost two decades on a wide range of disease models—including cancer, central nervous system and infectious diseases—which are key areas in today’s therapeutic landscape.
This provides an unusual opportunity to gain practical experience with diverse targets. Furthermore, several of the lab’s drug candidates are in preclinical or phase I/II clinical trials, reflecting its strength in translational research.
What are the key areas of research you focus on?
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a natural process in our body. It allows us to remove unwanted cells as we grow and develop. Cancer, however, can disrupt the system of apoptosis.
One way this happens is through the action of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, which block caspases and help regulate cell survival and cell death during cancer. The second mitochondrial activator of caspases, or SMAC, can bind to and neutralize these inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, thereby promoting apoptosis.
We’re trying to make molecules that can mimic SMAC in order to treat cancer.
What motivates you about your research?
It’s the creativity and complexity around creating 3D chemical architecture to have potential medicinal properties. As we test and refine the compounds, I enjoy using my knowledge of how they react with protein molecules and how that affects the activity of those proteins, which can be useful for targeting diseases.
It is essential to nurture a feedback loop of biological activity and synthesis that keeps the drug discovery process dynamic and purposeful. For me, it is motivating to see that we are designing something and synthesizing something that is having the biological activity necessary for any potential candidate therapy. From there, we can work on finetuning in terms of potency, selectivity, pharmacodynamic stability and other characteristics of successful treatments.
What do you like about working here?
I like the collaborative and supportive research environment here at the institute. We have scientists and students from many different backgrounds and areas of expertise all focused on the same goal, the advancement of biomedical research.
The core research facilities and interdisciplinary expertise make this place ideal for pursuing very complicated targets for translational research. The Institute also has an emphasis on mentorship and career development, which is very important. I feel I’m growing as a scientist in a community which values curiosity, integrity and teamwork.
How would you describe the culture here?
There is a culture of open communication. Sharing ideas, discussing challenges and seeking feedback are encouraged. I’ve found this helps foster personal and professional growth, as well as scientific innovation.
What do you enjoy doing when you’re not in the lab?
I have a deep appreciation for world cinema, particularly Hollywood classics from the 80s and 90s. Bengali literature holds a special place in my heart, as does Indian classical music—especially the rich, melodic tones of the sitar and sarod.
Postdocs at Sanford Burnham Prebys are pushing the boundaries of science every day through curiosity, collaboration, and innovation. This series highlights their unique journeys, what inspires their work, and the impact they’re making across our labs.
A confocal micrograph of blood vessel networks in the intestine of an adult mouse.
Image courtesy of Satu Paavonsalo and Sinem Karaman, University of Helsinki.
Shaping the future of science at Sanford Burnham Prebys: Sara Ancel, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Will Wang, PhD, who draws on a background in engineering and stem cell biology to explore tissue remodeling and disease mechanisms through cutting-edge spatial omics approaches. Originally from Switzerland, she brings together cutting-edge technology and collaborative science to push boundaries—and inspire the next generation of researchers.
How did you first become interested in science—and what brought you to Sanford Burnham Prebys?
I didn’t grow up around science, my parents weren’t in the field, so I didn’t really get exposed to it until high school. But I’ve always been curious, especially about things I didn’t understand. That curiosity led me to study engineering, which gave me the flexibility to explore many scientific fields before focusing on one.
During my master’s studies in Switzerland, I had the opportunity to spend time at Stanford University working in Dr. Helen Blau’s lab. That’s where I met Will Wang, who would later become a principal investigator at Sanford Burnham Prebys. When I was finishing my PhD in Switzerland, he was just starting his lab here. The timing was perfect—and I became his first postdoc.
What drew you to Will Wang’s research?
What really stood out to me was the new technology he was developing—an imaging method that lets us look at many biological markers at once. Coming from an engineering background, that kind of innovation was really exciting. I saw a chance to combine everything I’d been learning, for example, stem cell biology, muscle research, and engineering, into one meaningful project.
Plus, joining a brand-new lab was a unique opportunity. I was involved in everything from setting up experiments and training newcomers to handling operations. It was a fast-paced, all-hands-on-deck experience that taught me so much, both scientifically and personally.
What are you working on now? How would you explain it to someone outside of science?
My main project focuses on a process called glycosylation, which is how cells add sugar molecules to proteins and fats. These sugar tags might sound simple, but they play a big role in how cells function, and how things go wrong in disease.
I had no background in glycobiology when I started, but I was able to bring in new technologies and combine them with biology to explore this process in a completely new way. I’ve also been fortunate to collaborate with the Freeze Lab here at Sanford Burnham Prebys, which has been incredibly valuable.
What makes Sanford Burnham Prebys a unique place to work?
I’ve been so impressed by how collaborative this institute is. It’s a small enough community that people know each other, so reaching out for help or advice is easy. I’ve been able to train on equipment here and at nearby institutions like UC San Diego, and I’ve had the chance to connect with researchers across many fields.
One of the most exciting aspects has been working with clinicians and getting access to real patient samples. That kind of experience really deepens the impact of our research and gives me a broader view of how basic science can connect to human health.
What was one of the biggest challenges you faced when you arrived?
Moving from Switzerland to San Diego was a huge adjustment. I arrived and quickly within about a week, I was in a new culture, new lab, and new scientific environment. I was also the only person in the lab at first, which made things more intense.
But I had great support from international services and from the community of researchers here. That support helped me adapt, and it motivated me to dive in and help get the lab up and running.
What do you hope to do next in your career?
I’ve developed a wide range of skills here, not just technical, but also communication and collaboration. I’d love to build on that by moving into work that’s more closely connected to patients. Collaborating with clinicians and working with patient samples has been incredibly meaningful, and I’d like to pursue more translational or clinical science in the future.
What do you enjoy doing when you’re not in the lab?
Since moving to San Diego, I’ve gotten into climbing and bouldering, it’s something I picked up with friends from neighboring labs. I also love hiking and visiting national parks. Coming from Switzerland, I’m used to mountains, but the parks here in the U.S. are spectacular. I’ve started a list and want to see as many as I can!
What advice would you give to young scientists?
Stay curious. Don’t be intimidated by what you don’t know—see it as an opportunity to grow. Science can be frustrating when things don’t work out, but that’s part of the process. If you accept the ups and downs and keep learning, it can be incredibly rewarding.
Do you have any publications or projects in the works?
Yes! I’m finishing a methods-focused paper on the technology I’ve been developing, and we’ve filed a patent on it thanks to support from the Institute’s intellectual property team. I’m also co-authoring a review article with a researcher from Stanford on drug discovery for muscle aging. It’s been a great opportunity to step back and reflect on everything happening in the field.
Postdocs at Sanford Burnham Prebys are pushing the boundaries of science every day through curiosity, collaboration, and innovation. This series highlights their unique journeys, what inspires their work, and the impact they’re making across our labs.