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Institute News

Sanford Burnham Prebys celebrates one of its legends

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

March 8, 2023

In 2022, Distinguished Professor Emeritus Erkki Ruoslahti, MD, PhD, was awarded the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award, the top American prize for biomedical research.

Ruoslahti was also among the first scientists to join the Institute in the late 1970s, where he completed this award-winning research. To celebrate Ruoslahti’s career and accomplishments, Sanford Burnham Prebys hosted a special lecture with the esteemed scientist as well as a celebratory reception afterward.

“Erkki’s illustrious career is one that keeps us all inspired—me, especially, as I follow in his footsteps in leading this Institute,” says David A. Brenner, MD, president and CEO of Sanford Burnham Prebys. “His Lasker Award win is so very much deserved. Not only does it recognize his outstanding influence in the field, but it also elevates the status of our Institute in the research community.”

Ruoslahti, who shares the award with Richard O. Hynes from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Timothy A. Springer from Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, began his presentation with the research that led to his discovery of the integrins—proteins found on the surface of cells that helps them attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells and the extracellular matrix. 

Ruoslahti’s road to the discovery of integrins began at the University of Helsinki, where, along with his colleagues, he discovered fibronectin, a protein that helps surround, support and give structure to cells and tissues in the body. However, the biggest breakthroughs were yet to come.

Erkki Ruoslahti gives lecture to full a full auditorium

Ruoslahti gave his presentation to a packed house in Fishman Auditorium

“My research on fibronectin and the subsequent discovery of the integrins really got going in my first years at Sanford Burnham Prebys,” says Ruoslahti, who first joined the Institute in 1979, when it was known as the La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation.

The Ruoslahti research team discovered that a simple sequence of three amino acids, called RGD, within fibronectin, attaches directly to cells. They were then able to synthesize RGD and use it as a tool to discover the cell-surface receptors today known as the integrins. This seemingly small discovery created an entirely new subdiscipline of molecular biology.

“The Lasker Award is given for a fundamental discovery that opens up a new area of biomedical science. It is America’s top biomedical research award and is often referred to as ‘America’s Nobel,’” says Brenner. “This is a profound honor, one that is only given to those who have made the greatest impact in our field.”

In 1989, Ruoslahti became president and CEO of the Institute, a position he held until returning to full-time research in 2002. He became a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Sanford Burnham Prebys in 2020. Ruoslahti has previously received the Japan Prize, the Gairdner Foundation International Award, the G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award, and the Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation Medical Research Award. He is also a Knight of the Order of the White Rose of Finland, a Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland and is among the most cited scientists in the world.

Institute News

How community collaboration shapes leukemia research at Sanford Burnham Prebys

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

October 4, 2022

Since 2020, Todd and Rena Johnson, co-founders of the Luke Tatsu Johnson Foundation (LTJF), have helped fund the research of Associate Professor Ani Deshpande, PhD

But it all started with their son Luke. He had a very rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia, one of the most difficult-to-treat cancers, and, sadly, he passed away from the disease in 2016. This inspired the Johnsons to become involved with fundraising and advocacy for cancer research.

“Our foundation started with a fundraising golf tournament to honor Luke, and that was about taking something so horrific and so horrible and finding a way to turn it into something positive,” says Rena. “If you can take that tragedy and put a positive spin on it, then everything around Luke and his name and his memory becomes positive.”

How “the stars and planets aligned” to bring the Johnsons to the Institute

In a remarkable coincidence, the Johnsons discovered on their first visit to the Institute that Deshpande’s research focuses on AF10 fusion AML, an extremely rare subtype of the disease that accounts for about 5 percent of cases. It’s also the subtype of AML that Luke had.

“It was a goosebumps-raising moment,” says Todd. “Once we visited Ani and saw his lab, we realized there was a lot more in common with our story and his research than we had realized before.”

“The stars and planets aligned and brought us to Ani,” adds Rena. 

Luke Tatsu Johnson

Luke Tatsu Johnson

As well as helping fund Deshpande’s research through LTJF and their partnership with the Rally! Foundation, the Johnsons are also on the Community Advisory Board (CAB) for the Institute’s Cancer Center, which advocates for cancer research by engaging the community. 

“The CAB does such a wonderful job of connecting the community with the scientists, and we’re so excited to be involved in that,” says Todd. “That’s fundamentally what we do as a foundation—we support the folks doing this work so that children and families down the road can have a different outcome from Luke’s.”
 

AML research “needs more support and needs more funding”

The Johnsons’ support helped the AML research team discover a new potential treatment for AML, which is currently in preclinical studies, after which they hope it will advance to clinical trials. The research team maintains that it would have been impossible to secure the NIH grants necessary to do these studies without the jump start given by the LTJF and the Rally! Foundation.

“We couldn’t do what we do without the Johnsons’ support,” says Deshpande. “We are so grateful to have them in our corner, and we’re confident that our work will help improve outcomes for kids like Luke down the line.”

Despite this progress, more research into AML and other leukemias is still needed. Leukemia is the most common cancer in children and teens. About 4,000 children are diagnosed with leukemia each year, and AML accounts for about a third of these cases.
 

Studying AML from all angles

To tackle this pressing problem, the Institute has established an AML disease team composed of researchers across labs and clinician partners. The team’s research falls into several large categories, including studying the genetics of AML, studying how the disease works in animal models and working to develop drugs that can target specific mutations associated with the disease, which are numerous. 

“AML has many different subtypes, so it’s been difficult for researchers to make major advances to treat all cases of AML,” says Deshpande, who co-leads the AML team with Professor Peter D. Adams, PhD “Most patients with AML are given the same treatments that have been used since the ’70s, which is why we want to look at AML from as many angles as possible.”

In addition to being difficult to treat, it is also challenging to get funding for AML research, particularly for the rarer subtypes. This makes the support of foundations such as LTJF even more vital to researchers like Deshpande. 

“This is exactly why AML research needs more support and needs more funding, because this is a much more difficult disease than other forms of leukemia,” says Todd. “Many patients don’t have positive outcomes, and the only way to turn that pendulum is to intensify our efforts and increase the amount of research being done.”

Institute News

One plant at a time: How Sanford Burnham Prebys is helping the monarch butterfly

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

August 9, 2022

Monarch butterflies are in trouble, and we’re doing something about it

To help protect the monarch butterfly, which was recently declared endangered, Sanford Burnham Prebys is planting milkweed on campus. Planting milkweed and other butterfly-friendly flowers along monarch migration routes is a key strategy to support this iconic California species and prevent further decline. 

“In the ’80s, we all took the butterflies for granted,” said Eva Engvall, PhD professor emerita at Sanford Burnham Prebys. Professor Engvall’s comments on the decline of the monarch were immortalized several years ago in a printed mural on campus. “Thirty years later, we never see them.”

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recently added the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to its list of endangered species. The distinctive orange-and-black butterflies are a staple of Californian wildlife, but their numbers have drastically declined over the last 30 years.

Although monarchs are known for their heroic migration to Mexico and back each year, those that live west of the Rocky Mountains need not travel so far—many of their overwintering sites are located right here in California, with others scattered throughout West Coast states.

In the 1980s, when Sanford Burnham Prebys was known as the La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, some of these resting sites could be found on our campus. Today, this is no longer the case.

Habitat destruction from agriculture and urban development, along with declining milkweed populations caused by drought and fire, have decimated the butterfly population. The IUCN estimates that the population of West Coast monarch butterflies has fallen by an estimated 99.9% between the 1980s and 2021.

“For some time, I thought they didn’t come to La Jolla because the area had been so developed,” said Engvall. “But this is apparently not the cause of the reduction in the number of butterflies, but rather the lack of the plant milkweed, which the larvae need to feed on.”

To combat this problem, the Institute has planted several milkweed plants along our on-campus walkways. Milkweed plants provide shelter and a place to lay eggs for adult butterflies, and they are the only plants that monarch caterpillars eat. Dozens of monarchs have already been spotted on the milkweed just outside Building 1. 

“They eat so fast that we may need to plant more at this rate,” says facilities director John Reed, who planted the milkweed last week. 

Monarch caterpillars feeding on milkweed plats

One caterpillar quickly became many on our on-campus milkweed plants

The milkweed planting is the latest in a series of steps the Institute has taken to help protect the environment and promote sustainability. Sanford Burnham Prebys has been recognized as a trailblazer in water conservation for its innovative water-saving landscaping, and the Institute also recently completed a sweeping round of solar energy upgrades.

“It’s great that our Institute is able to do our part to protect the environment, including these beautiful monarch butterflies,” adds Reed.

Institute News

Sanford Burnham Prebys celebrates 46 years of discoveries

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

July 27, 2022

Happy birthday, Sanford Burnham Prebys

Sanford Burnham Prebys recently hosted a celebration to honor the anniversary of the Institute’s founding. More than 200 scientists, students and staff gathered to commemorate 46 years of world-class biomedical research. 

“I’ve seen the Institute grow from just five employees to the more than 500 we have today,” said Institute Professor José Luis Millán, PhD, who emceed the event. Millán joined the Institute in 1977, just one year after its founding. “What is important for the Institute now, as we reach middle age, is to reflect on our successes as we move forward into the next decades of our life.”

Attendees enjoyed an all-you-can-eat ice cream truck and a prize raffle, where guests won Institute hats, mugs and other prizes. Longtime supporters of the Institute also spoke, including Malin Burnham, Nina Fishman, and Debbie Turner, partner of the late Conrad Prebys. The party closed with a recorded birthday song from Institute Professor Hudson Freeze, PhD

Burnham recounted how he met the Institute’s two other namesakes, T. Denny Sanford and Conrad Prebys, reflecting on how these chance meetings helped the Institute grow to become the world-class facility it is today. He also expressed his gratitude to the staff. 

“All of you are a part of the family, and that is what I’ve enjoyed as much as anything in my 40 years with this organization,” said Burnham during his comments. “I want to thank each and every one of you for being a part of this organization.”

Decades of discoveries
Sanford Burnham Prebys was founded on July 7, 1976, as the La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation. Since then, the Institute has established itself as a world leader in biomedical research, where scientists can work collaboratively to discover cures.

It all started when founder William Fishman, MD, PhD, left his post as professor, director and founder of the Tufts Cancer Research Center in Boston. He, along with wife and career partner, Lillian Fishman, moved west to San Diego with a $180,000 grant from the National Cancer Institute, which they used to start the La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation.

“[The Fishmans] were dedicated to the idea of pure science,” explains Nina Fishman, daughter of William and Lillian. Nina Fishman is a longtime supporter of Sanford Burnham Prebys, and she recently coauthored Development of a California Research Organization, a book chronicling the Institute’s history. “They wanted a place where scientists could focus on their work.”

At that time, the foundation consisted of five employees, a rented office space, and lab equipment pieced together from spare parts. Today, it is a world-class medical research institute with a graduate school and one of only seven NCI-designated basic cancer centers in the country.

“My parents were the founders of the past, but you are the founders of the future,” adds Fishman.

Institute News

Sanford Burnham Prebys raises flag for Pride Month

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

June 13, 2022

The ceremony featured speakers from the Institute and was the first formal LGTBQ+ Pride event to be held on campus.

Scientists and staff from across the Institute gathered to celebrate LGBTQ+ Pride at Sanford Burnham Prebys by attending a Pride flag raising ceremony. Our employees spoke to the importance of inclusion in STEM, and the Pride flag was hoisted from the main campus flagpole.

“By supporting LGBTQ+ and other underrepresented groups, institutions signal that they are open to different viewpoints and people, which is crucial,” says Luca Caputo, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in the lab of Pier Lorenzo Puri, MD Caputo has been heavily involved in the Institute’s DEI initiatives, and he is also a co-founder of the Queer Science Society, an organization that raises awareness on issues facing LGBTQ+ scholars in STEM. 

“Having a celebration such as the Pride flag ceremony here at Sanford Burnham Prebys helps us support LGBTQ+ scientists at the Institute and beyond,” he adds. 

After an introduction by Alessandra Sacco, PhD, Caputo spoke about the importance of Pride Month and highlighted the need to promote inclusion and diversity in STEM. 

“This is just the first step in the right direction of making Sanford Burnham Prebys a truly inclusive campus and Institute,” he said during his remarks. “I and others on campus are going to hold [our Institute] accountable for numerous steps that are necessary to create a real welcoming and supportive environment, not just for queer scholars but for all underrepresented groups.”

In addition to these comments, Caputo shared his personal story as an LGBTQ+ scientist and briefly described the “invisible minority” phenomenon for LGBTQ+ scientists. This term refers to the fact that the LGBTQ+ community is often excluded from studies aimed at understanding diversity in STEM.

“The lack of inclusion in demographics has a profound effect on efforts to increase equity and inclusion for the LGBTQ+ community” says Caputo. “Many undergraduates do not know or have access to a single LGBTQ+ scientist.”

After Luca told his story, Professor Hudson Freeze, PhD spoke to the spirit of inclusion that Sanford Burnham Prebys was founded on. He also mused on the future of inclusion at the Institute.

“This [flag raising] is a good start, but it’s not the end – We have to keep this going,” Freeze said during his remarks. 

And while this was the first formal Pride event to be held at Sanford Burnham Prebys, it certainly will not be the last.

“Pride means freedom. Pride means hope that future generations of LGBTQ+ people won’t have any doubts about themselves and their worthiness to be in STEM,” says Caputo. “Supporting LGBTQ scientist is simply the right thing to do.”

Institute News

Sanford Burnham Prebys completes major renewable energy upgrades

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

May 20, 2022

Campus just got a lot more productive.

Sanford Burnham Prebys recently completed a sweeping round of solar energy upgrades, including the installation of 1,690 solar panels, and 50 car charging stations, which are now available for employee use. These upgrades, which also include the implementation of new power storage infrastructure, are the latest in a series of major sustainability projects spearheaded by Sanford Burnham Prebys over the last two decades.  

“Energy is one of the most important resources we have, and a critical part of supporting the Institute’s biomedical research is making sure our facilities can use and maintain that resource sustainably,” says John Reed, director of facilities at Sanford Burnham Prebys. “If we can benefit employees in the process by giving them access to electric car charging and saving them some gas money, that’s just a bonus.” 

The upgrades will save a significant amount of energy for the Institute and could reduce yearly carbon emissions by as much as 696 metric tons. According to the EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator, this is as much as the yearly emissions of 83 average homes.

“This is a major shift in the way our Institute consumes energy,” adds Reed.

The new solar panels cover the roofs of Building 5, 6, and 7, as well as the parking structure, known informally to employees as Building 8. 

“It’s a bit of a joke that Building 8 is the least productive place on campus since it’s always just been a parking structure,” says Reed. “But with these upgrades, we won’t be able to say that anymore.”

This is not the first time Sanford Burnham Prebys has shown itself to be a leader in sustainability. In 2015, Sanford Burnham Prebys was recognized as a national trailblazer in water conservation after a decade-long initiative to reduce waste by using recycled water for irrigation and cooling, as well as repurposing  wastewater from water purification systems. The Institute also replaced its tropical plants with drought-resistant landscaping in 2007.

Employees interested in using the car charging ports for their electric vehicle will need to download the PowerFlex app on their mobile device, create an account with their institutional email address and provide some information about the vehicle. See powerflex.com for more information.

Institute News

Padres Pedal the Cause 2022: Team Sanford Burnham Prebys raises more than $21,000 for cancer research

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

April 13, 2022

And there’s still time to give

Each year a team from Sanford Burnham Prebys hits the pavement as part of Padres Pedal the Cause, an annual event that invites participants to cycle, spin, run or walk to support local cancer research. This year’s team was small but mighty, raising more than $21,000 to fund collaborative cancer research projects in the San Diego area. 

Including the money raised by the Sanford Burnham Prebys team, Padres Pedal the Cause has raised more than $2.8 million this year so far. These funds will be distributed as grants to support collaborations between six participating research organizations: the Salk Institute, Scripps Research, Rady Children’s Hospital, UC San Diego, the La Jolla Institute, as well as Sanford Burnham Prebys. 

“This is more than just a fundraising event; it’s also a chance to connect with the cancer community and reflect on the importance of teamwork in cancer research,” says rider Ze’ev Ronai, PhD, director of the Institute’s NCI-designated Cancer Center. “I’ve done the race for four years, and every year it makes me proud to be on team Sanford Burnham Prebys.”

Besides Ronai, notable Institute names on the team this year included Thomas Chung, PhD, director of Translational Programs Outreach at the Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics; and Scott Tocher, general counsel and vice president of Communications. In addition to the riders, event volunteers from Sanford Burnham Prebys included Michaela Andrews, Araceli Ambert, Mariela Castanares, David Scott, Susan Goho and Katherine Kling.

“We don’t have a huge team, but we always have a great one,” says team captain Adrienne Crown, JD, director of Administration at the Cancer Center and director of Compliance and Operations for the Institute, “I’m so proud that just a few people are able to help make such a big impact.”

Padres Pedal the Cause Sanford Burnham Prebys volunteers
Kim McKewon

The top fundraiser on this year’s team was not an employee of the Institute but is still very much a friend of Sanford Burnham Prebys. Kim McKewon is a longtime donor to the Institute and has been participating in Padres Pedal the Cause since its inception in 2013. This year she raised more than $6,000; and to date, she has raised more than $30,000. In her website bio, she writes that she pedals for her husband, Ray, who is in remission from leukemia.

“Kim is one of the superstars of our team, and we are so thrilled that she was able to ride with us again this year,” adds James Short, Crown’s co-captain and director of Digital Design at the Institute.

And although the event itself is over, the ride is not. The deadline for fundraising is May 9, and 100% of every dollar raised goes toward lifesaving cancer research. Help team Sanford Burnham Prebys create a world without cancer.

Support Team Sanford Burnham Prebys

Institute News

Mark your calendars: Padres Pedal the Cause is back

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

January 20, 2022

Sanford Burnham Prebys is gearing up for next year’s Padres Pedal the Cause (PPTC), an annual fundraising race that invites participants to cycle, spin, run or walk to support cancer research in the San Diego area. The event, scheduled for April 9, 2022, at Petco Park, is currently planned to be held in person for the first time since the beginning of the pandemic.

Leveraging the power of San Diego
PPTC was founded in 2013 by two-time lymphoma survivor Bill Koman and his wife, Amy. Thankful for the lifesaving care that Bill received, the Koman family was determined to pay it forward to ensure that others had the same outcome. With this goal in mind, the couple created PPTC, a cancer fundraising cycling challenge operating in partnership with the San Diego Padres.

Since the inaugural ride of PPTC, the organization has raised more than $15 million and funded 73 collaborative research projects in San Diego, including six clinical trials. They’ve also expanded and grown, merging with the Immunotherapy Foundation under a new name: Curebound.

Together, these two organizations share the belief that discovering a cure for cancer can be made possible by harnessing the unique power of San Diego—home to three nationally recognized National Institutes of Health cancer institutions and a renowned pediatric hospital. Last year, Curebound welcomed two new research partners: La Jolla Institute for Immunology and Scripps Research. They join Sanford Burnham Prebys, Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego, the Salk Institute, and Rady Children’s Hospital in collaborating to accelerate cancer research into cures.

A pivotal year for Padres Pedal the Cause
This is an important year for PPTC. After a record-breaking event in 2019—which had almost 3,000 participants and raised more than $3 million—COVID-19 presented challenges. The next PPTC event wasn’t held until spring 2021, moving to a virtual format due to the pandemic.

That event had 1,578 participants and raised $1.5 million. And while these numbers demonstrate the commitment of the Pedal the Cause community to continue their good work despite the pandemic, the amount is less than that received for the 2019 event, demonstrating the obstacles the community faced to raise those funds.

Now, PPTC is ready to ride at full speed for the first time in more than two years.

Join Team Sanford Burnham Prebys
Padres Pedal the Cause ’22 will take place on April 9, 2022, at Petco Park, and registration is now open for the Sanford Burnham Prebys team. Whether you’re ready to ride, run, walk, spin, participate virtually or even just cheer from the sidelines, 100% of every dollar raised funds lifesaving cancer research.

Ride with Sanford Burnham Prebys this April, and help us create a world without cancer.

Join Team Sanford Burnham Prebys

Institute News

Advocates for our Cancer Center ensure patient perspective is understood in the lab

AuthorJosh Baxt
Date

August 20, 2021

Helen Eckmann and Ruth Claire Black share a common history with breast cancer and a drive to serve their community.

Ruth Claire Black and Helen Eckmann are sisters from different parents. They both have doctorates, work as professors and volunteer for Sanford Burnham Prebys’ Cancer Advisory Board (CAB).

Black and Eckman are incurable optimists and are both thriving after breast cancer. They want other cancer survivors to feel the same way.

“One of the messages we like to deliver is that you can live an amazing, vibrant, positive, productive, fully engaged-in-your-community life,” says Black, “even after fully metastasized, stage 4 breast cancer.”
 

Parallel journeys

Black knew all along that she was going to face breast cancer. Both her grandmother and mother died from the disease when they were in their 50s. That shoe dropped for her, as expected, around her 50th birthday.

“I got my diagnosis on a Thursday before a long Memorial Day weekend,” says Black. “I kept calling in, getting the switchboard and becoming increasingly anxious. But I was lucky. I had people I could call to talk me off the ledge.”

One of her impromptu counselors was Helen Eckmann.

Eckmann was initially diagnosed when she was 42, the first of three bouts with the disease. Following an inconclusive mammogram, Eckmann was instructed to come back in six months, but a sudden epiphany brought her back sooner.

“I was putting on a pair of shoes, and I think God spoke to me and said, ‘Go now!’” says Eckmann. “I told the doctor I wanted a needle biopsy to figure out whether it was actually cancer. They told me not to worry about it, to wait the full six months, but I insisted. At that point, the cancer had already moved into my lymph system.”

That was just the beginning of her long journey, including multiple rounds of chemotherapy and surgery. “About six years ago, I was going up the stairs, and my right femur broke,” says Eckmann. “The cancer had gone to my bones.”
 

From Experience to Advocacy

Eckmann and Black were knocked down repeatedly by breast cancer, but they kept getting back up. During these treatment odysseys, each developed a profound ability to see the disconnects in the system: the oncologists who wouldn’t take their intuition seriously (but soon learned better); the insurance companies that seemed to make random coverage decisions; the difficulty finding timely, accurate information.

“I’m a lawyer, a professor and I’ve worked a lot as a consultant,” says Black. “But even with that background, I didn’t know what I needed to know to successfully move through treatment. I think that’s a common theme.”

Both wanted to find productive ways to give back. Eckmann was one of the earliest members of the Sanford Burnham Prebys’ NCI-designated Cancer Center’s Community Advisory Board, which includes cancer survivors and family members who’ve supported a loved one through treatment. She recalls her conversation, many years ago, with President Kristiina Vuori, MD, PhD, who was the Cancer Center director at the time.

“I told her I wanted to help, and she leaned across the desk and practically hugged me,” said Eckmann. “She said she was going to put me to work, and she did.”

Black joined a few years later. Together with seven fellow CAB members, they organize public events to educate the community about cancer research, teach scientists how to communicate their work to lay audiences and help principal investigators with their grant applications.

“Part of the Department of Defense’s (DOD’s) Breast Cancer Research Program grant assessment process is measuring community support for the research,” says Black. “We act as advocates, providing support letters and making sure the patient experience is understood in the lab.”

This is no small piece. Dedicated lab scientists spend much of their time conducting research. And while this often gives them great insights into cancer biology, and possible interventions, it can also create blind spots.

Helen Eckmann and Ruth Claire Black sit and talk at a kitchen table

“One time I was at a lab meeting, and they were talking about an experiment that would require patients to give blood samples every month or so,” says Black. “But that’s a high burden to place on people who may not have an extra two hours in their schedule. The lab’s focus was on how to collect these biomarkers sequentially over time, but they hadn’t really thought about the patients. This was a new perspective for them, and they were really open to it.”

Both Eckmann and Black have steadily elevated their game and are now part of the DOD’s Consumer Review Program, in which they rate grant proposals for their potential impact on patients. Eckmann has also joined NCI Cancer Center accreditation visits, and Black is on the Food & Drug Administration’s National Mammography Quality Assurance Advisory Committee.

All these efforts are driven by their concerns for fellow cancer patients and survivors. They clearly remember those early days, soon after diagnosis, when they didn’t understand their roles as patients, insisted on working and keeping their normal hectic schedules and tried to pretend that nothing was wrong.

Over time, they learned that cancer treatment is a marathon, and that it’s easy for people to waste tremendous energy on issues beyond their control until they have nothing left in the tank. However, they also want their peers to know that, yes, a cancer diagnosis is horrific, but it will help people find resilience they never knew they had.

“The journey will make you stronger for sure, whether you want to be stronger or not.”

Ruth Claire Black
Institute News

Hospitals were full. One scientist stepped up.

AuthorMonica May
Date

February 10, 2021

Sanford Burnham Prebys physician-scientist Evan Snyder spent two weeks in a gymnasium-turned-ICU, where he cared for people with severe COVID-19

The novel coronavirus has hit California hard, but one area that has been particularly impacted is Imperial County. Last spring, the rural farming region’s two hospitals became overwhelmed with COVID-19 cases—prompting a college basketball stadium to be converted into a makeshift intensive care unit (ICU). Soon, qualified personal were also needed.

Stem cell scientist Evan Snyder, MD, Ph.D., may not be the first person you would think to call on during such an emergency. But as a physician-scientist who works with critically ill newborns, he knows his way around an ICU. He knows how to run ventilators. And perhaps most importantly, he had an urgent desire to help.

“I had already decided I would study this disease from a scientific perspective,” says Snyder, who is working with UC San Diego’s Sandra Leibel, MD, to use mini lungs” to understand why some people with COVID-19 fare worse than others. “But as I started to see the public health menace it became, I felt like I needed to do more.”

Snyder started to sign up for every volunteer opportunity he could find. However, it wasn’t until the December post-holiday surge in cases when he was deployed to serve in the field. Through the California Medical Assistance Team (CAL-MAT), a group of highly trained medical professionals who provide assistance during disasters, Snyder was deployed to the gym-turned-ICU in Imperial County.

“Although our research examines the impact of the virus on lung cells created from people of many racial and ethnic backgrounds, the degree of disease disparity didn’t hit me at a gut level until this work,” says Snyder. “There’s no question that COVID-19 is unfairly hitting people who are socio-economically challenged and have co-morbidities such as diabetes and hypertension, which are the often the products of a disadvantaged environment.”

“I was like a vampire”

For two weeks Snyder worked through the night, taking down medical histories; giving people oxygen, providing medications such as dexamethasone, remdesivir, anticoagulants and antibiotics; carefully turning people onto their stomachs to ease breathing difficulties or helping individuals walk. He also saw clear patterns emerge.

All of the people he treated had conditions that are linked to poverty. More than 20% of people living in Imperial County live below the poverty line—double the national average. As a result, residents may be more likely to obtain food from food banks and may not have access to regular healthcare—which together can lead to conditions such as diabetes, hypertension or obesity. Many of the people whom Snyder cared for shared that they lived in small quarters with multiple generations, which made quarantining difficult, if not impossible.

“Some people who live in La Jolla and test positive have the luxury of living in a big house. They can afford not to go to work and stay in a separate bedroom while the rest of the family quarantines,” says Snyder. “The people I took care of can’t do that. We need to create places where people who test positive for COVID-19 can quarantine safely away from their families.”

Carrying insights back to the lab

Snyder’s experience has directly informed several new research avenues he plans to pursue.

“We already model real-world COVID-19 infections with ‘mini lungs’ created from different genders and races,” explains Snyder. “But this taught me that we need to better mimic the conditions present in a person who has diabetes or other conditions that create an adverse milieu for their organs and cells.”

This work also imprinted upon him that COVID-19 is more than a lung condition. The risk of blood clots causing strokes, heart attacks or blocking blood flow to the lungs was an ever-present concern.

“It wasn’t just about giving people more oxygen,” says Snyder. “This showed me that we need to focus even more on the vascular and inflammatory components of this disease.”

Lives were saved

Snyder is relieved to report that no lives were lost during those two weeks. He credits the care given—even if relatively primitive—to this success.

“If we weren’t doing what we were doing, about 30% of the people there would have died. And another 30% would have been left with lifelong impairments,” says Snyder. “However, in order to truly tame this virus, we need to find effective drugs, continue to vaccinate as many people as possible and exercise logical public health precautions.”