Related Disease: Prostate Cancer

Related Disease
Brain Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Gastric Cancer, Helicobacter pylori, Prostate Cancer

The cell surface is heavily coated with carbohydrates. The structure of those cell surface carbohydrates displays a dramatic change during development, and mature cells express cell surface carbohydrates specific to different organs and tissues. Cell surface carbohydrates thus serve as a zip code for different organs and tissues. Sialyl Lewis X represents such an oligosaccharide. After discovery of sialyl Lewis X in neutrophils by Dr. Minoru Fukuda, his laboratory demonstrated that sulfated form of sialyl Lewis X is essential for lymphocyte homing and recruitment of natural killer cells in preventing tumor metastasis to the peripheral lymph node. With colleagues from Japan, Dr. Fukuda discovered that certain carbohydrates function as antibiotics against Helicobacter pylori infection, which is a leading cause for peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma. Most recent studies in Dr. Fukuda’s laboratory revealed that decrease of the laminin-binding glycans on α-dystroglycan in carcinoma cells leads to tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. The restoration of the unique glycans by the expression of distinct β3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase renders these cells act like normal cells. The results indicate that certain carbohydrates on normal cells and enzymes that synthesize those glycans, such as β3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, function as tumor suppressors These findings will be useful in developing carbohydrate-based therapy for the treatment of inflammation and tumor metastasis.

Minoru Fukuda’s Research Report

Cell Surface Carbohydrates as Tumor Suppressor

Many studies have focused on carbohydrates that increase in cancer cells, but only a few have looked at carbohydrates that appear in normal cells but decrease or disappear in cancer cells. A specific mucin-type O-glycans (core 3 O-glycans) is one of such glycans, and we found core 3 O-glycans suppress tumor formation and metastasis. When core 3 O-glycans were forced to express on human prostate cancer cell lines, those prostate cancer cells produced much smaller tumors and almost no metastasis. By contrast, the parent cancer cells, which did not express core 3 O-glycans, produced robust primary and metastatic tumors. We showed that the expression of core 3 O-glycans decreases a formation of α2β1-integrin complex, receptors that mediate cell adhesion, diminishing cancer cell migration. 

We also revealed tumor suppressor function in the unique laminin-binding glycans on dystrophin complex, — carbohydrates located on α-dystroglycan, which is also associated with cell adhesion. We discovered that the unique glycans play a critical role in epithelial-basement membrane interaction in normal cells, and the decrease or loss of the glycans, due to downregulation of β3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, leads to increased malignancy by invasive carcinoma cells. Restoration of the laminin-binding glycans by forced expression of β3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, on the other hand, results in reduced cell migration, thus dramatic decrease in tumor formation and metastasis. We demonstrated that interaction of laminin with the unique glycans on α-dystroglycan counteracts the cell migration signals that are mediated by integrin binding to its ligands, thereby decreasing tumor formation and metastasis. These findings also suggest that the laminin-binding glycans can be an excellent marker for epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. 

These results indicate that certain carbohydrates on normal cells and enzymes that synthesize those glycans, such as β3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, function as tumor suppressors. Upregulation of those key enzymes may become a novel way to treat cancer.
 

Neural Cell-specific Glycans in Development and Cancer

Polysialic acid and HNK-1 glycan represent carbohydrates enriched in neural cells. Polysialic acid is mainly attached to NCAM in embryos, while the majority of NCAM in adults lack this carbohydrate. To understand the roles of these glycans in neural development, we have cloned cDNAs encoding human polysialyltransferase, PST, and HNK-1 sulfotransferase, HNK-1ST, that are responsible for the synthesis of polysialic acid and HNK-1 glycan, respectively. By using these cloned cDNAs, we demonstrated that polysialic acid facilitates the invasion of glioma, the most common form of adult brain tumor. Our studies also showed that mutant mice with deficient STX, another polysialyltransferase, exhibit reduced behavioral response to fear conditioning, apparently due to anomalies in mossy fibers of the hippocampus. Our studies also demonstrated that neural development is significantly impaired in mutant mice that entirely lack polysialic acid due to inactivation of two polysialyltransferases. We found that this defect is caused by impairment of neural cell migration. 

Mucin-type O-glycans in Immune Cell Interactions

Previously, we found that an increase of core 2-branched oligosaccharides is associated with leukemia and immunodeficiency, such as in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and AIDS. To determine the roles of core 2-branched O-glycans in immune cell interactions, the enzyme (C2GnT-1) responsible for the core 2-branched oligosaccharide was knocked-out by gene targeting. Compared to wild-type mice, leukocytes from the gene knockout mice exhibited a reduced binding to L-, E- and P-selectin in this order. In contrast, homing of lymphocytes was moderately reduced. Lymphocyte homing is mediated by binding of L-selectin on lymphocytes to sulfated L-selectin oligosaccharide ligands, 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X in high endothelial venules (HEV) of secondary lymphoid organs. By analyzing remaining L-selectin ligands in C2GnT-1 knockout mice, we discovered novel L-selectin ligands that are based on extended core 1 oligosaccharides. The core portion of this novel L-selectin ligand is also an epitope for MECA-79 antibody that inhibits lymphocyte homing in vivo. Moreover, crossbreeding between mutant mice with deficient L-selectin ligand sulfotransferase and another sulfotransferase led to our findings that these two enzymes in cooperation synthesize L-selectin ligands. These mutant mice lack 6-sulfate group in L-selectin ligands that results in impaired inflammatory response. More recently, mice deficient in L-selectin ligands on mucin-type O-glycans were generated. The studies on the mutant mice revealed novel functions of N-glycan-based L-selectin ligand, which supports both lymphocyte homing and inflammatory response. This finding brought a new paradigm in selectin-carbohydrate interaction. 

Carbohydrate-dependent Adhesion in Tumor Metastasis

Previously we found that the amount of core 2 O-glycans is significantly increased in colon and lung carcinomas and the increase of core 2 O-glycans is highly correlated to vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis. More recently, we discovered that forced expression of core 2 O-glycans by transfecting C2GnT-1 in prostate cancer cell lines resulted in increased tumor formation. 

In parallel, we discovered that forced expression of selectin ligands, sialyl Lewis X on B16 melanoma cells leads to increased lung tumor formation. We also showed that tumor formation in lymph node is suppressed by natural killer (NK) cells, which are recruited by L-selectin mediated homing of NK cells to lymph nodes. 
 

Roles of Carbohydrates in Helicobacter pylori-mediated Inflammation and Cancer

Helicobacter pylori is a leading cause of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Previously it was shown by others that H. pylori adhere to gastric mucosa in a carbohydrate-dependent manner. The infection of H. pylori leads to chronic inflammation, which apparently leads to peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. 

Our recent studies showed that H. pylori-induced inflammation is associated with the formation of peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd) characterized by binding to MECA-79 antibody and L-selectin. The number of HEV-like vessels expressing PNAd increases as H. pylori-induced inflammation progresses. Moreover, PNAd disappears once H. pyloriis eradicated by antibiotic treatment. These findings indicate that H. pylori-induced inflammation is facilitated by de novo formation of PNAd thereby recruiting lymphocytes. It may be possible to attenuate or prevent the formation of peptic ulcers or gastric cancer by inhibiting L-selectin ligand synthesis, for example by inhibiting the sulfotransferases. 

While over half of the world’s population is infected with H. pylori, only a fraction of those individuals progress to peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. In relation to these observations, α1,4-N-acteylglucosaminyl capping structure (α4GlcNAc) is present in deeper portions of the gastric mucosa, where H. pylori rarely colonizes. We discovered that α4GlcNAc capping structure functions as an antibiotic against H. pylori infection by inhibition of the synthesis of α-glucosyl cholesterol, a major component of the H. pyloricell wall. This unprecedented discovery should be useful in developing drugs to inhibit H. pylori colonization, through inhibition of cholesterol α-glucosyltransferase. Such drugs lead to a novel treatment for prevention and potential treatment of peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma.