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Institute News

Behind the scenes at Sanford Burnham Prebys’ Cancer Center

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

March 28, 2023

A scientist - a young woman with glasses - presents her poster on colorectal cancer to a group of interested open house guests

Cancer Center open house connects San Diego community with scientists working toward cancer cures

The Institute’s NCI-designated Cancer Center hosted an open house to showcase the latest research advances in cancers of the digestive system. The event was sponsored by the center’s Community Advisory Board (CAB), which provides a link to community networks of people—including patients, survivors and their loved ones.

“These events are especially helpful for people affected by cancer because our researchers can explain the science behind the disease and the approaches we use to find new treatments,” says Associate Professor Cosimo Commisso, PhD, who co-hosted the event with Adjunct Associate Professor Pamela Itkin-Ansari, PhD “As researchers, it’s critical that we have community participation to influence our research—so we benefit as well.” 

The open house, which was free to the public, fulfills a key part of the CAB’s mission—to create awareness of the cancer research being done at the Institute and to promote dialogue between its scientists and the community. Guests had the chance to mingle with cancer researchers, and there was also a panelist table, where they could ask questions directly to a panel including two cancer survivors and a clinician.

The theme of the open house was cancers of the digestive system, which includes pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer and colorectal cancer. Although these cancers are very diverse, one thing many cancers of the digestive system have in common is that they take a long time to diagnose and are difficult to treat. 

“These are devastating cancers,” says Commisso. “We’ve doubled the survival rates for pancreatic cancer since I started working in this field over a decade ago, but it’s still only around 10%. And that’s just not good enough.”

Attendees also got behind-the-scenes tours of labs, including Commisso’s, where researchers are working to halt pancreatic cancer by blocking nutrients—in essence, starving tumor cells of the fuel they need to grow and proliferate. 

“We have a lot of researchers taking different approaches to cancer here at the Institute, and it’s important for people affected by cancer to know that while we’re still a long way off from ending cancer forever, we’re still making progress,” adds Commisso.

Institute News

Sanford Burnham Prebys celebrates one of its legends

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

March 8, 2023

Erkki Ruoslahti, MD, PhD

In 2022, Distinguished Professor Emeritus Erkki Ruoslahti, MD, PhD, was awarded the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award, the top American prize for biomedical research.

Ruoslahti was also among the first scientists to join the Institute in the late 1970s, where he completed this award-winning research. To celebrate Ruoslahti’s career and accomplishments, Sanford Burnham Prebys hosted a special lecture with the esteemed scientist as well as a celebratory reception afterward.

“Erkki’s illustrious career is one that keeps us all inspired—me, especially, as I follow in his footsteps in leading this Institute,” says David A. Brenner, MD, president and CEO of Sanford Burnham Prebys. “His Lasker Award win is so very much deserved. Not only does it recognize his outstanding influence in the field, but it also elevates the status of our Institute in the research community.”

Ruoslahti, who shares the award with Richard O. Hynes from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Timothy A. Springer from Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, began his presentation with the research that led to his discovery of the integrins—proteins found on the surface of cells that helps them attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells and the extracellular matrix. 

Ruoslahti’s road to the discovery of integrins began at the University of Helsinki, where, along with his colleagues, he discovered fibronectin, a protein that helps surround, support and give structure to cells and tissues in the body. However, the biggest breakthroughs were yet to come.

Erkki Ruoslahti gives lecture to full a full auditorium

Ruoslahti gave his presentation to a packed house in Fishman Auditorium

“My research on fibronectin and the subsequent discovery of the integrins really got going in my first years at Sanford Burnham Prebys,” says Ruoslahti, who first joined the Institute in 1979, when it was known as the La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation.

The Ruoslahti research team discovered that a simple sequence of three amino acids, called RGD, within fibronectin, attaches directly to cells. They were then able to synthesize RGD and use it as a tool to discover the cell-surface receptors today known as the integrins. This seemingly small discovery created an entirely new subdiscipline of molecular biology.

“The Lasker Award is given for a fundamental discovery that opens up a new area of biomedical science. It is America’s top biomedical research award and is often referred to as ‘America’s Nobel,’” says Brenner. “This is a profound honor, one that is only given to those who have made the greatest impact in our field.”

In 1989, Ruoslahti became president and CEO of the Institute, a position he held until returning to full-time research in 2002. He became a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Sanford Burnham Prebys in 2020. Ruoslahti has previously received the Japan Prize, the Gairdner Foundation International Award, the G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award, and the Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation Medical Research Award. He is also a Knight of the Order of the White Rose of Finland, a Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland and is among the most cited scientists in the world.

Institute News

Sanford Burnham Prebys celebrates 46 years of discoveries

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

July 27, 2022

Group photo of Institute employees outside Ruoslahti Way

Happy birthday, Sanford Burnham Prebys

Sanford Burnham Prebys recently hosted a celebration to honor the anniversary of the Institute’s founding. More than 200 scientists, students and staff gathered to commemorate 46 years of world-class biomedical research. 

“I’ve seen the Institute grow from just five employees to the more than 500 we have today,” said Institute Professor José Luis Millán, PhD, who emceed the event. Millán joined the Institute in 1977, just one year after its founding. “What is important for the Institute now, as we reach middle age, is to reflect on our successes as we move forward into the next decades of our life.”

Attendees enjoyed an all-you-can-eat ice cream truck and a prize raffle, where guests won Institute hats, mugs and other prizes. Longtime supporters of the Institute also spoke, including Malin Burnham, Nina Fishman, and Debbie Turner, partner of the late Conrad Prebys. The party closed with a recorded birthday song from Institute Professor Hudson Freeze, PhD

Burnham recounted how he met the Institute’s two other namesakes, T. Denny Sanford and Conrad Prebys, reflecting on how these chance meetings helped the Institute grow to become the world-class facility it is today. He also expressed his gratitude to the staff. 

“All of you are a part of the family, and that is what I’ve enjoyed as much as anything in my 40 years with this organization,” said Burnham during his comments. “I want to thank each and every one of you for being a part of this organization.”

Decades of discoveries
Sanford Burnham Prebys was founded on July 7, 1976, as the La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation. Since then, the Institute has established itself as a world leader in biomedical research, where scientists can work collaboratively to discover cures.

It all started when founder William Fishman, MD, PhD, left his post as professor, director and founder of the Tufts Cancer Research Center in Boston. He, along with wife and career partner, Lillian Fishman, moved west to San Diego with a $180,000 grant from the National Cancer Institute, which they used to start the La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation.

“[The Fishmans] were dedicated to the idea of pure science,” explains Nina Fishman, daughter of William and Lillian. Nina Fishman is a longtime supporter of Sanford Burnham Prebys, and she recently coauthored Development of a California Research Organization, a book chronicling the Institute’s history. “They wanted a place where scientists could focus on their work.”

At that time, the foundation consisted of five employees, a rented office space, and lab equipment pieced together from spare parts. Today, it is a world-class medical research institute with a graduate school and one of only seven NCI-designated basic cancer centers in the country.

“My parents were the founders of the past, but you are the founders of the future,” adds Fishman.

Institute News

Sanford Burnham Prebys raises flag for Pride Month

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

June 13, 2022

Institute employees at the Pride flag raising

The ceremony featured speakers from the Institute and was the first formal LGTBQ+ Pride event to be held on campus.

Scientists and staff from across the Institute gathered to celebrate LGBTQ+ Pride at Sanford Burnham Prebys by attending a Pride flag raising ceremony. Our employees spoke to the importance of inclusion in STEM, and the Pride flag was hoisted from the main campus flagpole.

“By supporting LGBTQ+ and other underrepresented groups, institutions signal that they are open to different viewpoints and people, which is crucial,” says Luca Caputo, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in the lab of Pier Lorenzo Puri, MD Caputo has been heavily involved in the Institute’s DEI initiatives, and he is also a co-founder of the Queer Science Society, an organization that raises awareness on issues facing LGBTQ+ scholars in STEM. 

“Having a celebration such as the Pride flag ceremony here at Sanford Burnham Prebys helps us support LGBTQ+ scientists at the Institute and beyond,” he adds. 

After an introduction by Alessandra Sacco, PhD, Caputo spoke about the importance of Pride Month and highlighted the need to promote inclusion and diversity in STEM. 

“This is just the first step in the right direction of making Sanford Burnham Prebys a truly inclusive campus and Institute,” he said during his remarks. “I and others on campus are going to hold [our Institute] accountable for numerous steps that are necessary to create a real welcoming and supportive environment, not just for queer scholars but for all underrepresented groups.”

In addition to these comments, Caputo shared his personal story as an LGBTQ+ scientist and briefly described the “invisible minority” phenomenon for LGBTQ+ scientists. This term refers to the fact that the LGBTQ+ community is often excluded from studies aimed at understanding diversity in STEM.

“The lack of inclusion in demographics has a profound effect on efforts to increase equity and inclusion for the LGBTQ+ community” says Caputo. “Many undergraduates do not know or have access to a single LGBTQ+ scientist.”

After Luca told his story, Professor Hudson Freeze, PhD spoke to the spirit of inclusion that Sanford Burnham Prebys was founded on. He also mused on the future of inclusion at the Institute.

“This [flag raising] is a good start, but it’s not the end – We have to keep this going,” Freeze said during his remarks. 

And while this was the first formal Pride event to be held at Sanford Burnham Prebys, it certainly will not be the last.

“Pride means freedom. Pride means hope that future generations of LGBTQ+ people won’t have any doubts about themselves and their worthiness to be in STEM,” says Caputo. “Supporting LGBTQ scientist is simply the right thing to do.”

Institute News

Sanford Burnham Prebys hosts inaugural Rising Stars Symposium

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

May 10, 2022

Group of 11 young scientists wearing nametags in front of a Sanford Burnham Prebys-branded backdrop

“I had an exceptionally memorable experience,” says Rising Star Myron Keith Gibert Jr., a PhD candidate at the University of Virginia.

Sanford Burnham Prebys recently hosted the first-ever Rising Stars Symposium, a three-day postdoctoral recruitment event that provided professional development, leadership training, networking opportunities and mentorship sessions for 12 early-career researchers who were selected based on their academic achievements and research scholarship. Faculty and staff were invited to attend a full day of presentations by the Rising Stars.

“It was an honor to host our inaugural Rising Stars!“ says Angelica Rocha, Ph.D , diversity officer at Sanford Burnham Prebys. Rocha adds, “They are emerging scientific leaders from across the country who impressed us with their work and inspired us with their dedication to equity and inclusion. I would be ecstatic if they joined our Institute.”

The event was an institute-wide diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) initiative hosted by the DEI Recruitment Committee, one of the three subcommittees at the Institute. The Recruitment Committee promotes an inclusive workplace through recruiting strategies that are equitable and result in increased representation for underrepresented groups.

After a brief introduction from President Kristiina Vuori, MD PhD, Assistant Professor Svasti Haricharan, PhD opened the day of presentations with a keynote address discussing her research on the genetic differences in breast cells of Black women and the consequences for health disparities, as well as the disparities in representation among academic researchers conducting this work.

Young male researcher giving presentation

For example, in 2019, less than 6% of doctorates were earned by Black people, despite making up about 14% of the population. Even fewer progress to faculty positions.

Outdoor reception

“Events like the Rising Stars Symposium provide opportunities to capture the leaks in the science training pipeline and continue to provide career development for scientists from diverse backgrounds,” adds Gibert.

In addition to presenting their work, the Stars were the guests of honor at a reception, which also included poster presentations by researchers from Sanford Burnham Prebys. The event concluded with networking and mentorship sessions between each of the Stars and faculty at the Institute, with whom they could potentially conduct research in the future.

“The Symposium opened my eyes to the exciting research taking place at Sanford Burnham Prebys,” says Rising Star Sedelia Dominguez, a PhD candidate at Washington State University. “I gained confidence in myself as a researcher and was able to find a potential place for my next career step.”

Institute News

Rare Disease Day gathers scientists, doctors and families

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

March 3, 2022

Large group of people gathered in front of marina at Sunset

The 2022 Rare Disease Day Symposium took place last weekend at the Dana On Mission Bay Resort in San Diego. The event, sponsored by Sanford Burnham Prebys and CDG CARE, brought together researchers, clinicians and families from around the world to discuss new medical breakthroughs and meet other families living with rare diseases.

The 2022 Rare Disease Day Symposium took place last weekend at the Dana On Mission Bay Resort in San Diego. The event, sponsored by Sanford Burnham Prebys and CDG CARE, brought together researchers, clinicians and families from around the world to discuss new medical breakthroughs and meet other families living with rare diseases.

Rare Disease Day is celebrated on the last day of February to raise awareness for rare diseases, defined by the United States government as those that affect fewer than 20,000 people. Although there are more than 7,000 individual types of rare diseases that affect more than 30 million people in the United States, this year’s conference gathered more than 200 people focused on CDG, an extremely rare group of genetic disorders that affect children. 

CDG, which stands for congenital disorders of glycosylation, occurs when sugar molecules on many of our proteins are absent or incomplete. CDG causes serious, often fatal, malfunctions in various organ systems throughout the body.

“This is a chance for the global CDG community to come together, support one another and continue to try to find treatments,” says Hudson Freeze, PhD, director of the Human Genetics Program at Sanford Burnham Prebys. “It’s always my favorite weekend of the year, and I’m thrilled that we’re able to do it again safely.” Freeze’s primary research focus is CDG, and he has personally worked with more than 300 patients. 

Exchanging knowledge
The three-day symposium opened Friday morning with introductory comments from three important figures and philanthropists in Sanford Burnham Prebys’ history: T. Denny Sanford, Malin Burnham and Debra Turner. Congressman Scott Peterson also spoke on the importance of funding medical discoveries. 

“Our job is to make a positive difference. We do that best when we all work together,” said Sanford in his video introduction. “Congratulations on all your work. You make me very proud.”

This year, 19 scientists and clinicians in total spoke on the latest research in modeling, treating and understanding CDG. The full program of presentations can be found here.

Connecting families
Although Rare Disease Day is an important opportunity to share the latest scientific research, one of the highlights of the event doesn’t involve science at all. To provide space for families to take a break from the presentations and socialize, staff and volunteers transformed the Bayside Conference Room of the Dana resort into a child care and respite area packed full of toys and games.

In addition to giving families space to play, Rare Disease Day hosted several group activities for families, including a magic show on Saturday and a surprise visit on Sunday morning from Disney’s Anna and Olaf.

​Longtime friend of the institute Damian Omler, a thirteen-year-old who is the only person living with his rare genetic mutation, had a great time dancing along to “Let it Go” and playing catch with his father, Donnie.

And while the joy in the respite conference room was palpable, there was something else, less tangible, in the air as well: hope.

“Meetings like this bring us hope and help us raise awareness for CDG,” says Donnie. “That gives us a sense of purpose each and every time we attend the conference. And we won’t stop, even 20 years from now.” 

Omler family

Damian Omler and his family, parents Donnie and Gracie and brother DJ, had a great time at Rare Disease Day the year (image credit: CDG CARE)

Institute News

Mark your calendars: Padres Pedal the Cause is back

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

January 20, 2022

Team Sanford Burnham Prebys photo

Sanford Burnham Prebys is gearing up for next year’s Padres Pedal the Cause (PPTC), an annual fundraising race that invites participants to cycle, spin, run or walk to support cancer research in the San Diego area. The event, scheduled for April 9, 2022, at Petco Park, is currently planned to be held in person for the first time since the beginning of the pandemic.

Leveraging the power of San Diego
PPTC was founded in 2013 by two-time lymphoma survivor Bill Koman and his wife, Amy. Thankful for the lifesaving care that Bill received, the Koman family was determined to pay it forward to ensure that others had the same outcome. With this goal in mind, the couple created PPTC, a cancer fundraising cycling challenge operating in partnership with the San Diego Padres.

Since the inaugural ride of PPTC, the organization has raised more than $15 million and funded 73 collaborative research projects in San Diego, including six clinical trials. They’ve also expanded and grown, merging with the Immunotherapy Foundation under a new name: Curebound.

Together, these two organizations share the belief that discovering a cure for cancer can be made possible by harnessing the unique power of San Diego—home to three nationally recognized National Institutes of Health cancer institutions and a renowned pediatric hospital. Last year, Curebound welcomed two new research partners: La Jolla Institute for Immunology and Scripps Research. They join Sanford Burnham Prebys, Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego, the Salk Institute, and Rady Children’s Hospital in collaborating to accelerate cancer research into cures.

A pivotal year for Padres Pedal the Cause
This is an important year for PPTC. After a record-breaking event in 2019—which had almost 3,000 participants and raised more than $3 million—COVID-19 presented challenges. The next PPTC event wasn’t held until spring 2021, moving to a virtual format due to the pandemic.

That event had 1,578 participants and raised $1.5 million. And while these numbers demonstrate the commitment of the Pedal the Cause community to continue their good work despite the pandemic, the amount is less than that received for the 2019 event, demonstrating the obstacles the community faced to raise those funds.

Now, PPTC is ready to ride at full speed for the first time in more than two years.

Join Team Sanford Burnham Prebys
Padres Pedal the Cause ’22 will take place on April 9, 2022, at Petco Park, and registration is now open for the Sanford Burnham Prebys team. Whether you’re ready to ride, run, walk, spin, participate virtually or even just cheer from the sidelines, 100% of every dollar raised funds lifesaving cancer research.

Ride with Sanford Burnham Prebys this April, and help us create a world without cancer.

Join Team Sanford Burnham Prebys

Institute News

Early-career scientists showcase their work at the 20th Annual Trainee Research Symposium

AuthorMiles Martin
Date

October 5, 2021

People presenting scientific posters at an outdoor event with tents and trees in the background

The scientific leaders of tomorrow gathered to showcase their work at the 20th Annual Trainee Research Symposium on September 23rd. The talented group of presenters included postdoctoral researchers, graduate students, and staff scientists from labs across Sanford Burnham Prebys. 

After introductory remarks by Sanford Burnham Prebys Student Network co-chairs Stephen Sakuma and Marie Berenguer, PhD, as well as president Kristiina Vuori, MD, PhD, the young scientists gave 20-minute podium presentations about their research, which were judged by a panel of Sanford Burnham Prebys faculty and staff. Speakers included:

•    Nirmalya Dasgupta, PhD (Postdoctoral Fellow, Adams lab)
•    Ceda Stamenkovic (Graduate Student, Sacco Lab)
•    Cynthia Lebeaupin, PhD (Postdoctoral Associate, Kaufman lab)
•    James Kezos, PhD (Postdoctoral Fellow, Ocorr Lab)
•    Zhijie Xia, PhD (Postdoctoral Fellow, Freeze lab)
•    Valeria Guglielmi, PhD (Postdoctoral Associate, D’Angelo lab)
•    Victoria Recouvreux, PhD (Staff Scientist, Commisso lab)
•    Jonatan Matalonga Borrel, PhD (Postdoctoral Associate, Dong lab)
•    Chiara Nicoletti, PhD (Postdoctoral Associate, Puri lab)

Cynthia Lebeaupin, PhD and Valeria Guglielmi, PhD were respectively awarded first and second place by the judges for their presentations, for which they’ll each receive a cash prize to go towards career development activities. Lebeaupin’s research focuses on the progression of fatty liver disease to liver cancer, and Guglielmi studies the role of nuclear pores the development of bone marrow cells. 

After the first two sessions of presentations, the keynote speech for the Symposium was given by Katherine Thompson-Peer, PhD, an assistant professor of developmental & cell biology at the University of California at Irvine.

Following the last podium presentation was a poster session where 30 early-career scientists were given the chance to present their work. A panel of judges selected the top three posters—presented by Shaun Lim from the Kumsta and Hansen labs, Aleksandr Arzamasov from the Osterman lab, and Michaela Lynott from the Colas lab—and they will also receive a cash prize. The day was capped off with closing remarks from Sanford Burnham Prebys CEO C. Randal Mills, Ph.D.

Congratulations to all the participants in this year’s Symposium, and a special thank you to the staff at the Office of Education, Training, & International Services (OETIS) for organizing the event. 
 

Institute News

2021 Fishman Fund Award ceremony celebrates postdoctoral scholars

AuthorSusan Gammon
Date

September 28, 2021

Cynthia Lebeaupin, Valeria Guglielmi, and Paulina Sosicka

The Fishman Fund Awards were presented on September 23, 2021, in a virtual ceremony that honored the enduring legacy of our Institute’s founders, Dr. William and Lillian Fishman.

The three exceptional winners were welcomed by Fishman Fund co-founder Reena Horowitz; co-founder designee Jeanne Jones; and 2018 award recipient Laura Martin-Sancho, who commented, “A Fishman Fund Award is more than the money—it means that someone believes in you and believes in your goals.”

Longtime supporter, Institute trustee and namesake Malin Burnham reflected on his first meeting with the Fishmans more than 40 years ago when they were setting the stage for Sanford Burnham Prebys. “The Fishmans were creating a collaborative, inspirational atmosphere for postdocs—the lifeblood of scientific enterprise. This award pays tribute to their vision that young, talented scientists hold the key to curing disease.”

Sanford Burnham Prebys CEO Randy C. Mills thanked our supporters and shared, “Fishman Fund Award winners are on a journey not only to make their mark through scientific discovery, but also to define themselves as scientific leaders. I’m excited to see the vision of better science that they will translate into reality for the benefit of patients in need.”

Reena Horowitz and the late Mary Bradley established the Fishman Fund Awards in 2001 to honor the Fishmans and advance the careers of promising young scientists. Ever since the fund was launched 20 years ago, more than 70 awards have been conferred—now worth $10,000—to support career-development activities. 

This year’s awards were presented to:

Cynthia Lebeaupin, PhD
The Lenka Finca and Erna Viterbi Fishman Fund Prize

“I’m especially grateful to be affiliated with a community that supports its postdoctoral researchers, helping us transition into the great leaders of tomorrow.”

Dr. Lebeaupin is studying how fatty liver disease progresses to liver cancer. Fatty liver disease is rapidly increasing in the U.S. and around the world—and there is no cure. Studying how cells respond to stress conditions may open new avenues to target those responses and prevent cancer. Dr. Lebeaupin, a postdoctoral associate in the lab of Randal J. Kaufman, PhD, aims to become a professor of biology in academia.

Valeria Guglielmi, PhD 
The Reena Horowitz and Mary Bradley Fishman Fund Founders Award

“Now more than ever, we need people like you who trust scientists and believe science can really make a difference in our lives.”

Dr. Guglielmi is researching nuclear pore complexes and their role in the development and activity of immune cells. This research may lead to novel treatments for health conditions caused by dysregulated immune-cell production and function. Guglielmi is a postdoctoral associate in the lab of Maximiliano D’Angelo, PhD, and her goal is to become an independent investigator to further research on the immune system.

Paulina Sosicka, PhD 
The Jeanne Jones and Kathryn Fishback Fishman Fund Prize 

“I’m very grateful and honored to receive this Fishman Fund Career Development Award. Thank you to the founders and donors who made this possible.” 

Dr. Sosicka is investigating the application of dietary supplementation to treat debilitating genetic conditions called CDGs, which are rare diseases—mainly affecting children—caused by defects in the human enzymes and proteins responsible for adding sugar molecules onto proteins and lipids. The research may also provide insights into new approaches to treat obesity and cancer. A postdoctoral associate in the lab of Hudson Freeze, PhD, Dr. Sosicka aspires to become a professor in academia in the field of glycobiology.

 

Event recording

 

Institute News

Fighting rare diseases: Finding treatments and bringing hope to families

AuthorMonica May
Date

March 23, 2021

Hudson Freeze, PhD and José Luis Millán, PhD

The majority of rare diseases affect children, most of whom have an underlying genetic cause for their condition that is incurable.

The majority of rare diseases affect children, most of whom have an underlying genetic cause for their condition that is incurable.

Often, their own doctors have never heard of their disease, let alone know how to treat it.

But there is someplace they can turn to for help. The Human Genetics Program at Sanford Burnham Prebys provides insights into the genes and environmental factors that play a role in the development of childhood diseases. Their work often leads to better ways to diagnose, treat, and sometimes, even cure children.

On March 18, 2021, two patients whose lives were saved by discoveries made by Hudson Freeze, PhD, and José Luis Millán, PhD, joined the scientists for a conversation about what this work means to them and how their lives have been impacted. Watch the full discussion below.